PUMPS

R.Bhandari Senior Lecturer

Lesson Overview
Lesson covers the type of pumps commonly installed on board ships, their constructions, working principles, characteristics, safety operation.

21/10/2012

Learning Objectives

Definition of Pump Classification of Pumps Working principles of positive displacement pumps Construction features of positive displacement pumps Working principles of rotordynamic pumps Construction features of rotordynamic pumps Characteristics of pumps Safe operation of pumps

21/10/2012

Tutorial
1. State the classification of pumps used for shipboard application.
2. With the aid of a labelled sketch, briefly explain the working principle of a typical i) reciprocating pump ii) gear pump iii) vane pump Iv) centrifugal pump
21/10/2012 4

Tutorial
4.

5.

6.

Draw the pump performance (H-Q) curve for the centrifugal pump Explain with NPSH how suction condition of the pump may be improved Explain the cause of efficiency drop in centrifugal pump.

21/10/2012

Tutorial
7.

8.

Briefly explain the differences between positive displacement and rotodynamic pumps. With reference to the operation of a pump, explain the terms self-priming and non-self priming.

21/10/2012

Definition
Pump is a device that imparts energy to a fluid passing through it to enable the fluid to move from one point to another.
In practice, pumps change both the velocity and the pressure passing through them.
21/10/2012 7

Energy Flow in Pumping System

Pump losses Kinetic energy At Suction Kinetic energy At Discharge

+
Pressure energy At Suction

Pump

+
Pressure energy At Discharge

Energy flow from prime mover

21/10/2012 8

Types of Pumps
Marine Pumps fall into two broad classes:

Positive Displacement Pumps

Roto-dynamic Pumps
21/10/2012 9

Positive Displacement Pumps

Working Principles:

Fluid is displaced from the suction to the discharge by the mechanical variation of the volume of chamber or chambers at every stroke or rotation of the pump

Volume of pump chamber alternately increases to draw the liquid in from suction pipe & then decreased to force the liquid out into the delivery pipe This may be done by either a reciprocating motion of a piston or by a rotary motion of specially designed vanes, gears or screws
10

21/10/2012

Positive Displacement Pumps

Characteristic

Self-priming All the valves at the discharge side of the pumps must be kept open prior starting Failure to do so will cause rapid increase of fluid pressure, leading to failure at the weakest point in the system

Relief valve is always fitted in the system to avoid such failure

11

21/10/2012

Positive Displacement Pumps

Subdivided into Two main categories:

Reciprocating Pumps
- where plunger or piston is reciprocated in a fluid cylinder - suitable for delivering small quantities at high pressure

Rotary Pumps ( Gear, Screw, Vane pumps ) - where the liquid is forced through the pump casing by means of
screws, gears or vanes - used for delivering moderate quantity at moderate pressure

21/10/2012

12

Reciprocating Pump
Main Components

Cylinder Piston Piston rod Gland Suction valve Discharge valve

Pump may be of Single acting or Double acting type

21/10/2012 13

Reciprocating Pump

21/10/2012

14

Single Acting Reciprocating Pump

There is one suction & one discharge per cycle Piston moves down during suction stroke Causes low pressure to create & fluid to flow into cylinder by opening suction valve Piston moves up during discharge stroke Causes fluid to be compressed and pressurised Discharge takes place by opening discharge v/v by high pressure fluid
21/10/2012 15

SUCTION STROKE

DISCH STROKE

Double Acting Reciprocating Pump

There is two suction & two discharge per cycle

Piston moves from left to right (one stroke) Piston compresses fluid above piston (discharge) Piston draws fluid below piston (suction)

21/10/2012

16

Pressure Pulsation in Reciprocating Pump

Piston at 'A'. Speed =0, Pressure = 0. Piston at 'B'. Speed = maximum, Pressure = maximum. Piston at 'C'. Speed = 0, Pressure = 0
Pressure

C
B B B

B A
A C A C A C
Stroke

When piston moves up and down in a cylinder, it creates pressure pulsations

05/01/0021/10/2012 17

Pulsation Effects in Reciprocating Pump

1. pipes vibrate very severely, 2. producing stress that shortens the life span of the materials. Dampening with accumulator
Pressure

Stroke

To reduce this effect, accumulators are employed.

05/01/0021/10/2012 18

Accumulators

Accumulators are air vessels or spring loaded device

Absorbs some energy during the pump discharge stroke

Releases this energy during low pressure period and raises the pressure in the pipe
Thus reduces the pressure pulsation by avoiding sharp drop in pressure

A
Pressure

Stroke

21/10/2012

19

Gear Pump

21/10/2012

20

Gear Pump

It is a positive displacement pump It consists of two meshing gears with one driving the other Fluid flows between the casing and the gear teeth Commonly employed for lube & fuel oil transfer Must have relief valve installed in the system
21

21/10/2012

Screw Pump

Screw pumps are positive displacement pumps Screws are meshed together with one driving other Fluid is displaced through the recesses between the screws and the casing

May have single, double or triple screws

22

21/10/2012

Screw Pump

Screw pumps are positive displacement pumps Screws are meshed together with one driving other Fluid is displaced through the recesses between the screws and the casing

May have single, double or triple screws

23

21/10/2012

Vane Pump

Vane pumps are positive displacement pumps Rotors having slots for vanes Centre of rotor is eccentric with casing This causes vanes to move in and out as the rotor rotates Causes change in volume in the respective chamber, similar to reciprocating pump
21/10/2012 24

Mono Pump
Stator Drive Shaft Bearings

Rotor
Fluid carried in spaces between stator and rotor

05/01/0021/10/2012

25

Mono Pump Application

For handling viscous and dirty fluid Use as sludge pump on board

05/01/0021/10/2012

26

Rotodynamic Pumps

Often Known as dynamic pumps or centrifugal pumps Centrifugal pumps are more suitable for delivery of large quantities at low discharge pressure Are Non-self priming pumps Looses suction and unable to pump once air gets into the pump system Must be primed before starting Used on ship as G.S. pump, Ballast Pump, S.W. & F.W. cooling pumps
21/10/2012 27

Centrifugal Pump
Working Principle

Impeller rotates at high speed Fluid enters through the eye of the impeller

Fluid is thrown by centrifugal force from the centre (suction side) radially outwards to the periphery of impeller (discharge side)
High velocity fluid enters the stationary volute casing Volute casing converts the kinetic energy of fluid into pressure energy at the discharge of the pump
21/10/2012 28

Centrifugal Pump
Drive Shaft

Impeller

Volute Casing
05/01/0021/10/2012 29

Centrifugal Pump Impeller

Open
05/01/0021/10/2012

Semi-Open

Closed
30

Centrifugal Pump Impeller Action

Fluid Enters the Impeller at the Centre (Eye)

05/01/0021/10/2012

Rotating impeller imparts centrifugal force on the fluid

31

Centrifugal Pump Volute Casing

Pressure increase as liquid flows through the volute casing

05/01/0021/10/2012

32

Centrifugal Pump Applications In all high volume and low pressure applications:
1. Cooling Water 2. Ballast Pump 3. Cargo Pump Multi Stage Pumps are used for higher pressure application 1. Fire Pumps 2. Boiler Water Feed Pumps

05/01/0021/10/2012

33

Centrifugal Pump
Impeller Wear Ring

Located on the casing at the impeller suction Must have clearance to allow rotation of impeller If clearance is too small, wear ring may come in contact with impeller due to misalignment, expansion

If clearance is too big, fluid flows back to suction side

Cause drop in discharge pressure & pump efficiency
21/10/2012 34

Centrifugal Pump
Impeller Wear Ring

Wear ring

Casing
Located on the casing at the impeller suction Must have clearance to allow rotation of impeller If clearance is too small, wear ring may come in contact with impeller due to misalignment, expansion

If clearance is too big, fluid flows back to suction side

Cause drop in discharge pressure & pump efficiency
21/10/2012

Impeller
35

Centrifugal Pump

Curve A shows the pump capacity, given in terms of flow rate (normally M3/hr), as a function of the head developed by the pump, given in terms of meters liquid column (mIc). This curve is called the pump characteristic.
21/10/2012 36

Centrifugal Pump

Curve B shows the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) requirement for the pump as a function of flow-rate.The NPSH requirement at any flow rate is the positive head of fluid required at the pump suction over and above the cargo's vapour pressure to prevent cavitation at the impeller.
21/10/2012 37

Improving suction condition when cargo level is low

1.Adjust Trim & List to

facilitate cargo flow 2. Pressurising the cargo tank with inert gas in tankers, or vapour in LPG carriers 3. Regular maintenance of pump wear ring

21/10/2012

38

Improving suction condition when cargo level is low

4. Reducing the flow

rate by reducing speed or by throttling discharge valve and operating above NPSH 5.Control cargo temperature to prevent boil off.
21/10/2012

Reduced flow No cavitation

Increased flow cavitation

Tank level

39