Work, Power and Energy

Chapters 4 & 5

What is Energy?

Energy is the ability to cause change Energy has different forms electrical, chemical, radiant, and thermal

Kinetic Energy

Energy of a moving object due to its motion; measured in Joules (J)= kgm2/s2 KE = mv2 A baseball with a mass of 0.15 kg is moving at a speed of 40 m/s. What is the baseballs kinetic energy? A sprinter has a mass of 80.0 kg and a kinetic energy of 4000 J. What is the sprinters speed?

Potential Energy

Stored energy due to position Elastic potential energystored energy that can stretch or compress Chemical potential energyenergy stored in chemical bonds

Gravitational PE

Stored energy due to position above Earths surface GPE= mgh (in Joules); g = 9.8 m/s2 Find the GPE of a coffee mug with a mass of 0.3 kg that is on a counter top 1 m high above the ground. How high above the ground is a baseball with a mass of 0.15 kg that has a GPE of 73.5 J? A rock climber is 200 m above the ground and has a GPE of 117,600 J. What is the rock climbers mass?

Changing GPE

As height increases, GPE increases As object falls, it loses GPE and gains KE; when it hits the ground, GPE is zero and all GPE has transformed into KE

As ball leaves bat, it has mostly KE. As it rises, velocity decreases and GPE increases. At highest point, ball has its maximum GPE and only KE is due to forward motion. As ball falls, GPE decreases while KE increases as ball moves faster.

Changing Forms of Energy

Lightbulb converts electrical energy into light and thermal energy. What are some other devices that convert electricity into thermal energy?

In a car, spark plug fires initiating the conversion of chemical potential energy into thermal energy; as hot gases expand, thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy.

Mechanical Energy

Is the total amount of potential and kinetic energy in a system Energy in a swinglook at pg. 110

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Effect of Friction

Mechanical energy is converted into thermal energy (air resistance, friction of hooks, etc.)

Appears that energy is lost (as swing slows down), but energy is actually transformed.

Converting Mass into Energy

A small amount of mass converted into tremendous amount of energy. In both processes, energy is conserved if energy content of masses involved are included.

Energy Conversions in the Body

Complex chemical and physical processes Food energy (1 Calorie4184 Joules) Fat about 9 C per gram; proteins and carbs about 4 C of energy per gram

Work

Work makes something move Applied force must make something move; movement must be in same direction as force
Work is only done when force is directly applied to the object and when force is in same direction of distance.

Work and Energy

When work is done, energy is always transferred; when you do work on object, you increases its energy Work (J) = F (N) x d (m) A couch is pushed with a force of 75 N and moves a distance of 5 m across the floor. How much work is done in moving the couch? The brakes on a car do 240,000 J of work in stopping the car. If the car travels a distance of 50 m while the brakes are being applied, what is the force the brakes exert on the car?

Power

Rate at which work is done; amount of work done per second Power (in watts)= work (J)/time (s) P=W/t If lifting a babe from a crib, 50J of work are done. How much power is needed if the baby is lifted in 2.0 s? The power produced by an electric motor is 500 W. How long will it take the motor to do 10,000 J of work?

Power and Energy

Power is also the rate at which energy is transferred P= E/t

What is a Machine?

A device that makes doing work easier. Make work easier by increasing the force that can be applied to an object

Whether the mover slides the chair up the ramp or lifts it directly into the truck, she will do the same amount of work. Doing the work over a longer distance allows her to use less force.

Changing Direction

Some machines change the direction of the applied force

Input and Output Forces

Fin = force applied to the machine Fout = force applied by the machine W in= work done by you on the machine W out= work done by the machine W in = W out or Fin din = Foutdout Remember Wout is always smaller the Win Ideal machine, Win = Wout

Mechanical Advantage

Ratio of output force to input a\force MA = Fout/Fin Ideal MA (IMA) is without friction and calculated by din/dout

Calculating Efficiency

Efficiency of a machine Efficiency (%) = Wout/Win x 100% Efficiency may be increased by reducing friction (lubricant)

Simple Machines

Machine that does work with only one movement of the machine Lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge Screw and wedge are modified inclined planes

Levers
First classoutput force is always in the opposite direction to the input force; fulcrum in between the forces Second classoutput force located between input and fulcrum; wheelbarrow; output force greater than input force Third classinput force is applied between the output force and the fulcrum; baseball bat; output force is always less than input force and distance over which the output force is applied is increased.

IMA = Lin/Lout (length input arm/length output arm)

Pulleys

Axle of the pulley acts as a fulcrum in a fixed pulley (first class lever) Fixed pulley only changes the direction of force, IMA = 1
Movable pulley, IMA = 2

Block and Tackle (fixed and movable pulleys); IMA = 4

Wheel and Axle

Simple machine with a shaft or axle attached to the center of a larger wheel so that the wheel and axle rotate together IMA = radius of wheel (m)/radius of axle (m) or rw/ra Gearsmay change direction of force

Inclined Planes

A sloping surface that reduces the amount of force to do work IMA= length of slope (m)/height of slope (m) or l/h
Screw is inclined plane wrapped around a cylindrical post (IMA is larger if threads are closer together) Scissorstwo wedges together.

Compound Machines

Two or more simple machines operating together Can openers, scissors, cars, etc.