INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

The Biological Sciences

Biology study of life Many different fields (some examples)

Zoology study of animals Anatomy study of morphological structures Physiology study of how body structures (cells, organs, organ systems, etc) function Evolution study of change over time (molecular level to ecosystem level) Ecology study of how organisms interact and affect their environments, or vice versa

Hierarchy of Life

Atomic level to the biosphere level Figure covers molecular level to ecosystem level An ecologist may be a community ecologist, a population ecologist, etc.

Three Domains of Life

Three large groups called domains

Bacteria - prokaryotes Archaea - prokaryotes Eukarya - eukaryotes

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Classification is continually changing Some scientists dont subscribe to the three domain method of classification Some still use the Five Kingdom method
Domain Archaea

Domain Bacteria

Domain Eukarya

Domain Eukarya consists of several kingdoms

Protista - single celled (several kingdoms) Plantae - multicellular Fungi - multicellular Animalia - multicellular

Protists

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Diversity of Life

DNA is the molecule responsible for diversity Specific regions of DNA (genes) code for specific types of proteins

Speciation occurs several ways

Allopatric Adaptive radiation Sympatric

If reproductive barriers arise between populations, speciation will occur

Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers

Evolution

Origin of Species published by Charles Darwin in 1859 Concepts

Descent with modification Natural selection inherited traits within a species are selected for or against Adaptation features that have evolved by means of natural selection

Invertebrate Zoology

Study of invertebrate animals Inverts make up at least 99% of all extant (living) animal species on the planet

Over 1,000,000 described spp. (species) on the planet (mostly insects)

Estimated 10 to 30 million spp. have yet to be described We will cover 19 (time permitting) of the approx. 35 animal phyla

Preview of important Phyla

Protozoa animal-like protists Do not belong to kingdom animalia, and thus are not considered to be invertebrate animals

Important evolutionary link between prokaryotes, and everyday plants and animals

Volvox

Phylum Porifera

Sponges

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, Anemones, and Corals

Portuguese Man O War

Phylum Ctenophora

Comb Jellies

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

Phylum Nemertea

Ribbon Worms

Phylum Mollusca

Chitons, Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, and Octopi

Banana Slug

Phylum Annelida

Segmented Worms

Phylum Echiura

Spoonworms

Phylum Sipuncula

Peanut Worms

Phylum Tardigrada

Water Bears

Phylum Arthropoda

Horseshoe Crabs, Arachnids, Crustaceans, Myriapods, and Insects

Phylum Gastrotricha

Name means stomach hair

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

Caenorhabditis elegans = good

Ascaris lumbricoides = bad

Phylum Rotifera

Wheel bearers

Phylum Phoronida

A lophophorate

Phylum Brachiopoda

Lamp shells, another lophophorate

Phylum Bryozoa

Bryozoans, the largest phylum in the superphylum Lophophorata

Phylum Echinodermata

Starfish, Brittle Stars, Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers

Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata is the only phylum containing vertebrate animals, however, there are some invertebrate chordates

Taxonomy

Linnean system (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) is almost abandoned Genus species (binomial nomenclature) is still used

Lumbricus terrestris Lumbricus terrestris

Scientists are more interested in evolutionary relationships (how are organisms similar / different), as opposed to what What class do shrimp belong to? Taxonomic names, and proposed evolutionary relationships change frequently

Cladistics

Method embraced by the authors of your text for constructing evolutionary relationships in the form of phylogenetic trees, or cladograms May be assembled according to morphology and/or molecular data (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) Can be used to infer a great deal about evolutionary relationships

But it is easy to make mistakes

Homology good indication of a relationship Analogy - misleading

Morphological Vs. Molecular Data

Body Plan Data

rRNA Data

Ground Plan

For each Phylum there is a Ground plan (basic set of characteristics) These characteristics are useful for determining differences / similarities between phyla Ground plan for Phylum Arthropoda (example): segmented body, chitinous exoskeleton, periodic molts, and jointed appendages