GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

Presented By

MD. YASIR KHAN

M. Sc. Biotechnology 3rd Semester Jamia Hamdard

WHAT ARE GM-CROP PLANTS?

A GM-crop plant contains a gene(s) which have been artificially inserted instead of plant acquiring them through pollination

WHY TO DEVELOP GM-PLANTS ?

To increase crop yield Pest resistant crops Transgenic plant bioreactors Stress tolerant plants Herbicide resistant plants Protect the environment Reduce the risk of human medicine

How prevalent are GM-Crop plants?

70% of all foods consumed in US has some elements from genetically modified crop Herbicide tolerance & insects tolerance GMO soybean, corn, cotton, n canola have the highest acreage in the US.

WAYS OF PRODUCING GM-CROP PLANTS?

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Agrobacterium mediated transformation Biolistic Electroporation Macroinjection Microinjection Liposome mediated transformation

PROBLEMS AT HAND?
Food scarcity Polluted environment Changing climate Damage to crops by insects

FOOD
Golden rice Created by Prof. Ingo Potrykus of the Institute of Plant Sciences at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.

L.S OF RICE SEEDS

-carotene biosynthesis

 2 genes Narcissus pseudonarcissus 1 gene Erwinia uredovora

Gt1

Transit peptide

Phytoene synthase

Narcissus pseudonarcissus

35S

Transit peptide

Phytoene desaturase

Erwinia uredovora

Gt1

Transit peptide

Lycopene cyclase

Narcissus pseudonarcissus

 Transformed rice- SGR1 SGR1 low carotene SGR2 -23 times more carotene then SGR1 Phytoene synthase gene from maize other nutritionally important food crops canola with increased vitamin E

PHYTOREMEDIATION
Plants can extract contaminants from the soil and accumulate, transform and transport them into the parts of the plant that are above ground. In leaves, fruits or stems ,many compounds are stored, transformed or volatilized. Such processes are known as phytoremediation.

STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF METALS

a) Introduce transporter gene IRT1 iron transporter MRP1 Mg-ATPase transporter b) Genes encoding phytochelatine /metallothionein
gene
AtPCS1

gene action

species

phenotype

reference

phytochelatin Arabidopsis arsenic tolerance synthesis

li et al 2004

c) Enzymes to change oxidation state

gene merA gene action species phenotype reference mercuric oxide plant Hg tolerance Ruiz et al 2003 reductase merB organo mercurial plant Hg tolerance Ruiz et al 2003 lyase merApc9 mercuric oxide Tobacco Hg tolerance He et al 2001 reductase and volatilization

d) Genes encoding biodegradable enzyme

gene gene action GSL selenocystine
lyase(mouse)

species B.juncea

phenotype reference Se tolerance Garifullin et al 2003

e) Introduce genes to enhance :

Growth rate /biomass production rate Enhancement of root depth /penetration

GM Indian mustard (B.juncea)

a) -glutamyl cysteine synthetase b) Glutathione synthetase
Increase tolerance and accumulation of Cd

GM A. thaliana
a) Arsenate reductase b) -glutamyl cysteine synthetase Increased tolerance and accumulation of arsenic

GM-PLANTS RESISTANT TO INSECTS a) Crystal protein (CRY) B.thuringiensis b) Proteases

cowpea trypsin -Vigna unguiculata -amylase Phaseolus vulgaris

c) Lectins Galanthus nivalis d) Cholesterol oxidase-Streptomyces

Bt GM-crop

3-D STRUCTURE OF CRYSTAL PROTEIN

MODE OF Bt CRYSTAL PROTEIN ACTION

POTATO resistant to colorado potato beetle

Gm- POTATO

NON GM- POTATO

CORN resistant to

EUROPEAN CORN BORER

GM-CORN

CORN EAR WORM

COTTON resistant to cotton boll worm

ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANT PLANTS

Effect of water scarcity on plants Protoplast gets dehydrated Proteins/enzymes gets dehydrated and lose their activity Plasma membrane and photosynthetic apparatus gets disrupted High temperature stress Enzymes get denatured Change in membrane permeability

LOW TEMPERATURE STRESS

Impaired protoplasmic streaming Reduced respiration /photosynthesis/protein synthesis

INCREASED SALINITY

Soil porosity decrease Physiological stress Ion toxicity

DROUGHT AND SALT TOLERANT TOMATOES

Overexpressing vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport pump. Salt and drought tolerant plants. Reclaim farmland lost to salinity and lack of rainfall.
OUTSIDE OF VACUOLE

INSIDE OF VACUOLE

Na Na Na

CROP TOLERANT TO TEMPERATURE STRESS. Tomato plants. 35S CaMV promoter. Constitutively express HSF of A.thaliana

OTHER USES OF GM-CROPS

Virus resistant GM-crop plants Disease resistant GM-crop plants Herbicide resistant GM-crop plants long shelf life Male sterility Bioreactors

IS IT ETHICALLY RIGHT TO PRODUCE GM-CROP PLANTS?

Flavr savr tomato Have Neomycin phosphotransferase II marker In laboratory,it has been demonstrated that the bacteria can take up and incorporate the plasmid DNA from rotting vegetables and hence can become resistant to kanamycin

REFERENCES
Frizzi A, Huang S, Gilbertson LA, Armstrong TA, Luethy MH, Malvar TM (2008) Modifying lysine biosynthesis and catabolism in corn with a single bifunctional expression/silencing transgene cassette. Plant Biotechnol J 6: 1321 Baenziger PS, Russell WK, Graef GL, Campbell BT (2006) Improving lives: 50 years of crop breeding, genetics, and cytology (C-1). Crop Sci 46: 22302244. Castle LA, Siehl DL, Gorton R, Patten PA, Chen YH, Bertain S, Cho HJ, Duck N, Wong J, Kiu D, et al (2004) Discovery and directed evolution of a glyphosate tolerance gene. Science 304: 11511154. Cooper M, Smith OS, Graham G, Arthur L, Feng L, Podlich DW (2004) Genomics, genetics, and plant breeding: a private sector perspective. Crop Sci 44: 19071913. Everson RE, Golin D (2003) Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 300: 758762.

 Chawla H. S., Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, Ed-2nd 2003. Tyagi Rajiv, Yadav P. R., Plant Product Biotechnology, Ed-1st 2006. Kumar Ashok, Plant Biotechnology, Ed-1st 2006. Narain Rabindra, Naha Surendra, Genetic Engineering in Plants, Ed-1st 2006. Kaul Opender, Dhaliwal G. S., Transgenic Crop Protection, Ed-2nd 2004. www.wikipedia.com www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.sciencedirect.com www.plantphysiology.org

THANK YOU