OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

ANUJ BHARDWAJ (UNIT-1)

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Unit-3
( INTERFEROMETRY )
Interference effect, Radio-metery, Types of interference phenomenon and its application,Michelsons Interferometer and its application , Fabry-Perot interferometer , Refractometer,Rayleighs interferometers, Spectrographs and monochromators,Spectrophotometers,Calorimeters,Medical Optical Instruments

UNIT-3 ( INTERFEROMETRY)

Interference
What is it?
Combination of waves Adding two lights together causes dark!

What is it exactly?
Summation of complex amplitudes ~ ~ ~ uf=u1 + u2

Interference of two waves constructive and destructive

Interference
Optical intensity
Optical quality perceived by human eye Square of complex amplitudes magnitude Mathematically I = |u|2 = uu*~ ~ ~ Intensity of interference
~ ~ I = |ur + us|2 ~ ~ ~ ~* ~ ~ = |ur|2 + |us|2 + urus + u*us r = Ir + Is + 2 I1I2 cos(jr js)

This all is true only if coherent light is assumed.

Condition for interference

The phase difference between the waves emerging from the two sources of light must remain constant. The frequencies or wavelengths of the two waves should be equal. The amplitudes of the two waves should be equal or nearly equal. The two sources of light should be very close to each other. The two light sources must be very narrow.

 Radiometery:

optical interferometry
Michelson interferometer invented by Albert Abraham Michelson Principle An interference pattern is produced by splitting a beam of light into two paths, bouncing the beams back and recombining them

Michelson interferometer

Michelson interferometer
A Michelson interferometer consists of two highly polished mirrors M1 & M2.A source S emits light that hits a beam splitter (in this case, a half-silvered mirror), surface M, at point C. M is partially reflective, so one beam is transmitted through to point B while the other is reflected in the direction of A. Both beams recombine at point C' to produce an interference pattern

Michelson interferometer

Interferometer Applications
It has been used in the field of high resolution spectroscopy used in atomic length standards Displacement can be measured as small as a fraction of the wavelength of visible light It has been refined to employ light sensitive devices for taking data and use computational methods for analysis

Interferometer Applications
Displacement measurement

Fabry-Perot Interferometer

This interferometer makes use of multiple reflections between two closely spaced partially silvered surfaces. Part of the light is transmitted each time the light reaches the second surface, resulting in multiple offset beams which can interfere with each other. The large number of interfering rays produces an interferometer with extremely high resolution, somewhat like the multiple slits of a diffraction grating increase its resolution

RAYLEIGH REFRACTOMETER
This is based on the interference principle and used to find the refractive indices of gases.

Rayleigh Refractometer
The rayleigh refractometer works by having light pass through a vertical slit, and then collimated through a lens which passes it through two vertical slits to line it up parallel with two test tubes that the index of refractions will be compared

Rayleigh Refractometer
Typically one of the tubes will be filled with something such as air so that it has a known index. After the light is refracted in the test tubes, It wil pass through a piece of glass and then a diffraction image will be produced in the focal plane of a lens L2. The fringes produced are very fine comparing the difference in angle of the two glasses will give a sense of the difference of index of refraction of the two. As long as one of the indexes of known and the difference between the two is known, then it is just a simple calculation to find out the unknown index of refraction.

SPECTROMETER
A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials.The variable measured is most often the lights intensity but could also , for instance be the polarisation state.

SPECTROMETER PRINCIPLE
Different substances absorb different wavelengths of light, and this can be used to help to identify the substance - the presence of particular metal ions, for example, or of particular functional groups in organic compounds. The amount of absorption is also dependent on the concentration of the substance if it is in solution. Measurement of the amount of absorption can be used to find concentrations of very dilute solutions. An absorption spectrometer measures the way that the light absorbed by a compound varies across the UV and visible spectrum.

SPECTROMETER WORKING
The detector converts the incoming light into a current. The higher the current, the greater the intensity of the light. each wavelength of light passing through the spectrometer, the intensity of the light passing through the reference cell is measured. This is usually referred to as Io - that's I for Intensity The intensity of the light passing through the sample cell is also measured for that wavelength - given the symbol, I. If I is less than Io, then obviously the sample has absorbed some of the light.

A=log(Io/I)

GRATING SPECTROMETER SCHEMATIC

monochromator
A monochromator is an optical device that transmits a mechanically selectable narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input. The name is from the Greek roots mono-, single, and chroma, colour, and the Latin suffix -ator, denoting an agent.

Monochromator
It consists of a diffraction grating slits, and spherical mirrors. The light source emits a broad spectrum of radiation as represented by the multi-colored line from the lamp to the grating. The diffraction grating disperses light by diffracting different wavelengths at different angles. The grating is positioned so that green light passes through the exit slit and all other colors are blocked. The particular wavelength that passes through the monochromator is selected by rotating the angle of the grating

Calorimeter
A calorimeter (from Latin calor, meaning heat) is an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal microcalorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types

Calorimeter Working
Multiplying the temperature change by the mass and specific heat capacities of the substances gives a value for the energy given off or absorbed during the reaction The heat absorbed by the calorimeter and the liquid is equal to the heat given off by the metals

 Medical optical instruments:

The advantage of this is implantation through a needle. In addition as with other fiber optic approaches no electric connections to the body are necessary.

Fibre optic instrument devised to measure oxygen saturation in the blood

This instrument consists of red & infrared LED and a photosensor.Plastic optical fibers are well adapted to these wavelengths.After insertion, the ballon is inflated and blood flow drags the tip through the chambers of the heart