CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

In1993, the first CDMA standard IS-95 was issued. In 1995, CDMA technology was put into commercialization in Hong Kong and America on large scale. In April 2001, China Unicom began to construct CDMA networksthe largest in the world (about 70Million line now). At present, CDMA commercial networks are established in about 40 countries or area, almost 20% of all users in the world.

There are predominantly three types of multiple access methods: 1.FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple Access) 2.TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access) 3.CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)

Assigns different channels to individual user. No other user can share the same channel. Inefficient if customer does not use the channel. Usually implemented in narrowband systems. No synchronization and framing bits are needed as in TDMA systems. Continuous transmission. AMPS first analog cellular system uses FDMA/FDD.

Divides the spectrum into time slots. Only one user allowed in each time slot to transmit and receive . Cyclic usage of the slots. Multiple slots per user possible. Transmission is non continuous. High synchronization overhead is required. No duplexers are required. Less expensive than FDMA. GSM uses TDMA technique.

All users use the same carrier frequency. Each user has its own pseudorandom codeword. Sender and receiver know the codeword in advance. Other ongoing communication appears as noise. Performance degrades with increase in number of users. cdma2000 uses CDMA technique.

Spread spectrum a transmission technique wherein data occupy a larger bandwidth than necessary There is no restriction on time and frequency in this scheme. All the users can transmit at all times and at all frequencies. Each user has its own pseudorandom codeword which is approximately orthogonal to all other code words.

The receiver needs to know this codeword used by the transmitter and it performs correlation to detect only the specific desired signal. Because users are isolated by code, they can share the same carrier frequency, eliminating the frequency reuse problem encountered in other technologies. This technology is used only when the network interacts with the subscriber or the subscriber interacts with the network.

INTERFERENCE JAMMER

FILTER

INFORMATION SIGNAL i(t)

Data Rate, Ri Bandwidth ,Wi c(t)

BANDWIDTH, W s(t) r(t) d(t)

c(t) SPREADING SEQUENCE Chip Rate, Rc Bandwidth, Wc

SPREADING SEQUENCE Chip Rate ,Rc Bandwidth, Wc

CDMA is a spread spectrum multiple access technique. A spread spectrum technique spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power. In CDMA ,a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted.

The figure shows how a spread spectrum signal is generated. The data signal with pulse duration of Tb is XORed with the code signal with pulse duration of Tc. The bandwidth of the data signal is 1 / Tb and the bandwidth of the spread spectrum signal is 1 / Tc. (Tc is much smaller than Tb ). The ratio Tb / Tc is called the spreading factor or processing gain and determines to a certain extent the upper limit of the total number of users supported.

**REVERSE PROCESS IS FOLLOWED AT RECIEVER SIDE**

No SIM card is required. Improved call quality: CDMA provides better and more consistent sound quality than systems based on other technologies. Enhanced privacy when compared to systems using other technologies. Longer Talk Time, Longer Battery Life and Smaller Phones. Fewer dropped calls due to handoff. Allows the largest number of subscribers to share the same radio frequencies. Dynamic allocation of channels is possible.

 Tight synchronization is required to use orthogonal codes.

Since most countries have chosen the GSM standard,

ROAMING on CDMA is limited. Quasi-orthogonal codes cause self-interference, which dominates the performance in most CDMA systems. Near-far problem is a serious hindrance.

Daily Downloads : characters, images, horoscopes. Real time stock quotes Text Communication : chat, instant messaging, SMS, E-mail. Sending photos over the air: MMS messages. Position location services: friend finder, navigation assistance. Games and entertainment: magazine, comic book store.

Technology of choice for 3G generation because of its

Greater total capacity Outstanding voice quality Fewer dropped calls

RF planning and implementation is simplified by its

Capability of re-using single cell frequency Non-contiguous bandwidth requirement

Its use in satellite communication is of great importance