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Definitions
Grading Classification/ Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations Labs/ Diagnosis Treatment
DEFINItion
According to WHO,
Anaemia is defined as a reduction of the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, red-cell count or (Hematocrit)packed cell volume below normal levels.
Normal
Hemoglobin: Females- 12- 16g/dl
Males- 14-18g/dl
Hematocrit: Females- 37-47% Males- 42-52%
Source:Recommendation of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Erythrocytic indices
1. Mean Corpuscular volume(MCV): Mean voume of all the erthrocytes counted in the sample. N= 8094fL
3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): Mean concentration of Hemoglobin in the red cell.
N= 32-36g/dl
Grading
GRADING
According to WHO,
Mild
Classification
Anemia
BLOOD LOSS
NORMOCYTI C
MACROCYTIC
MICROCYTIC
Heavy menstrual bleeding Trauma Gastrointestinal ulcers Cancers such as cancer of the colon
Iron Deficiency
Chronic kidney disease
3. INCREASED DESTRUCTION OF
RBC(HEMOLYSIS)
- Hgb defects (sickle cell, thalassemia)
- Membrane defects(Hereditary spherocytosis) - Enzyme defects(G6PD deficiency) - Immune mediated(Rh disease, ABO incompatibility, Autoimmune diseases - Microangiopathic (HUS, TTP)
Cytometric classification
MACROCYTIC
MICROCYTIC
NORMOCYTIC
MCV increased
MCV decreased
Normal MCV
Acute Hemorrhage
Aplastic Anemias
Normochromic macrocytic
NORMAL MCHC/ HIGH MCV
Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency
PATHOGENESIS
GENESIS OF RBC
EPO IRON
Proerythroblast
Basophil erythroblast
Polychromatophil erythroblast
Orthochromatic erythroblast
Reticulocytes
Erythrocytes
ROLE OF ERYTHROPOETIN
Clinical manifestations
Laboratories
CBC
Stool Hgb test Peripheral blood smear
Laboratories
Reticulocyte count
Liver function tests kidney function tests
Diagnosis
Management
Iron supplements Oral iron: Fe sulfate, Fe gluconate, Fe fumerate, Fe succinate, Fe ammonium citrate, etc. Parenteral iron: Iron dextran
management
Folic acid deficiency: oral therapy of folic acid Therapeutic dose: 2-5 mg/day Prophylactic dose: 0.5 mg/day Erythropoietin deficiency/low levels (chronic renal failure): Epoetin , (recombinant human erythropoietin)
I.V. or S.C. inj. 25-100 U/kg s.c. or i.v. 3 times a week (max. 600 U/kg/week
references
Gyton and Hall- Textbook of Medical Physiology
Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine Red cell and Anemia by Edward O. Uthman
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