Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Research Designs
Quantitative
Qualitative
Analytical Study
Mixed Method
Case Study
Non-Experimental Experimental Phenomenaology
Concept Analysis
Historical Analysis
Descriptive
Comparative
True
Quasi
Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Single Subject
Quantitative Designs
Experimental
The investigation of causal effects through direct manipulation of an independent variable and control of extraneous variables The investigation of the current state of a variable or the relationships, other than causal, between variables
Non-experimental
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Kajian Kuantitatif
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Quantitative Designs
An example of an experimental design Randomly assign students to one of two classrooms in which the same social studies unit is being taught. Teach the first class using the traditional lecture approach, the second class using cooperative learning groups. Examine the achievement differences between the two groups to see if the type of approach to instruction had an effect. This study is characterized by the investigation of cause (instructional approach) and effect (achievement), manipulation (choice of instructional approach), and control (same unit being taught, random assignment, etc.)
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Kajian Kuantitatif
Contoh;
~ 2 kumpulan pelajar dari 2 kelas yg berbeza dipilih secara rawak, dimana kedua-dua kelas tersebut mempelajari subjek kajian sosial. Kelas pertama diajar menggunakan teknik syarahan konvensional manakala kelas kedua diajar menggunakan teknik pengajaran berkumpulan. Kemudian perbezaan pencapaian diantara dua kelas tersebut dikaji utk menentukan keberkesanan diantara dua teknik tersebut.
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Quantitative Designs
True experimental
Quasi-experimental
Single subject
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Kajian Kuantitatif
Perbezaan tiga jenis Kajian Eksperimen
1. Eksperimen Benar ~ Pemilihan tugasan kepada kumpulan sasaran secara rawak. 2. Eksperimen Kuasi ~ Pemilihan tugasan kpd kumpulan sasaran bkn secara rawak 3. Eksperimen Subjek Tunggal ~ Pemilihan subjek tunggal bukan secara rawak.
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Quantitative Designs
Approximately 10% of Louisianas public school students do not finish high school. The GPA of students participating in extra-curricular activities is higher than that of student who do not participate Student attitude is moderately related to achievement Several factors are related to the high dropout rate in Louisiana. These include the students age, academic record, repetition of grade(s), gender, and ethnicity.
These studies are characterized by descriptions (dropout rate, GPA differences, opinions) or relationships (attitudes and achievement, factors related to dropping out)
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Kajian Kuantitatif
Contoh Kajian Bukan Eksperimental ~ Dianggarkan 10% daripada murid sekolah awam di Louisiana tidak berjaya menamatkan zaman persekolahan tinggi mereka. ~ GPA bg murid yg menyertai aktiviti kokurikular adalah lebih tinggi berbanding mereka yg tidak menyertai. ~ Hubungan antara sahsiah murid dengan pencapaian mereka adalah berkaitan. ~ Beberapa faktor adalah berkaitan dengan masalah kadar keciciran yang tinggi di Louisiana. Antaranya ialah; umur, pencapaian akademik, pengulangan kelas, jantina dan kaum. ~ Kesemua kajian ini adalah dikategorikan oleh ciri-ciri ini (kadar keciciran, perbezaan GPA, pendapat) atau hubungan (sahsiah dan pencapaian, faktor yg mempengaruhi kadar keciciran).
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Quantitative Designs
Comparative
Correlational
Ex-post-facto
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Kajian Kuantitatif
Perbezaan antara empat jenis kajian bukan eksperimen; 1. Penjelasan ~ Membuat huraian secara teliti ttg keadaan semasa atau kepentingan keadaan pembolehubah yg ada 2. Perbandingan ~ Membandingkan dua atau lebih kumpulan sasaran dengan beberapa pembolehubah 3. Perkaitan ~ Mewujudkan hubungan atau perkaitan antara pembolehubah 4. Ex-post facto ~ Meneroka kesan-kesan dan sebab-sebab antara pembolehubah yang tidak boleh dijelaskan oleh pengkaji.
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Qualitative Designs
Much less precision in the definitions of and distinctions between qualitative designs in comparison to quantitative designs Four major categories of designs
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Kajian Kualitatif
Kurang ketepatan dalam definisi dan juga perbezaan dalam kajian kualitatif dan kajian kuantitatif. Empat kategori utama kajian kualitatif; 1. Kajian kes 2. Phenomenology 3. Ethnography 4. Grounded Theory
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Qualitative Designs
Case Study
An examination of a specific instance of a phenomena in its natural context viewed from the perspective of the participants
This study explored the meaning of inclusion for three disabled students who had been placed in a regular education setting. This study examines in-depth a phenomena of interest to the researcher (i.e., the meaning of inclusion) in a natural context viewing it from the participants perspectives
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Kajian Kualitatif
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Qualitative Designs
Phenomenology
The purpose of this study was to examine the meaning of being left out for an adolescent This study examines in-depth the experiences of being left out from the perspectives of the adolescent experiencing this phenomena
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Kajian Kualitatif
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Qualitative Designs
Ethnography
A description the beliefs and practices of a cultural or social group or system The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the conflicts that experienced second-grade teachers encountered as they switched from a traditional approach to teaching mathematics to a constructivistsociological approach This study examines the beliefs and practices of second grade teachers experiencing a common phenomena related to their approach to teaching
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Kajian Kualitatif
Ethnography ~ Kajian tentang kepercayaan dan amalan bagi sesuatu kumpulan etnik atau kumpulan sosial. ~ Tujuan kajian ini adalah utlk mengenal pasti dan juga menggambarkan konflik yg ada bg kumpulan guru tahun 2 apabila mereka bertukar teknik pengajaran konvensional kpd teknik pengajaran moden. ~ Kajian ini juga bertujuan mengkaji kepercayaan dan juga amalan bg kumpulan guru Tahun 2 yg mengalamai fenomena biasa yg berkaitan dgn teknik pengajaran mereka.
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Qualitative Designs
Grounded theory
A description of a conceptual understanding of a particular phenomenon The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship of the bar to the teachers who frequented it on Friday evenings. We found that teachers used the bar to facilitate their movement from professional to personal self. This study examined a phenomena of interest to the researcher (i.e., teachers congregating at a particular bar on Friday evenings) and developed a conceptual understanding of it.
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Kajian Kualitatif
Grounded Theory
~ Tujuan kajian adalah utk memahami hubungan penggunaan aras bagi guru yg terlibat dengan mesyuarat pada petang Jumaat. Kami mendapati bhw guru yg menggunakan aras bagi mengawasi pencapaian mereka dari profesional kepada pencapaian kendiri.
~ Kajian ini juga mengkaji kepentingan fenomena kepada pengkaji dan juga utk memberikan kefahaman kpd pengkaji ttg fenomena yg dikaji.
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Analytical Designs
Descriptions of historical, legal, or policy issues through an analysis of documents, oral histories, and relics Two basic approaches
Concept analysis the study of educational concepts (e.g., co-operative learning, leadership, etc.) to describe the different meanings and the uses of the concept Historical analysis the systematic collection and criticism of documents that describe past events of relevance to education
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Kajian Analitik
Kajian yg melibatkan sejarah, perundangan, dan juga polisi melalui analisis dokumen, sejarah lisan dan juga artifak. Dua pendekatan biasa; ~ Analisis Konsep; kajian ilmiah ttg konsep (cth: pembelajaran koperatif, kepimpinan dan lain-lain) bagi menggambarkan perbezaan maksud dan juga kegunaan konsep. ~ Analisis Sejarah; pengumpulan secara sistematik atau secara kritis bg sesuatu dokumen yg berkaitan dgn sejarah lampau terhadap kewajaran sistem pendidikan.
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Analytical Designs
The purpose of this study is to examine the meanings and uses of the term standardsbased curriculum. This study examined the varied meanings, interpretations, and uses of an important curricular concept.
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Kajian Analitik
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Analytical Designs
An example of an historical analysis
The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in standardized testing over the last 40 years. This study addresses the historical developments characterizing the use of standardized tests over a 40 year period.
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Kajian Analitik
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