Values

Basic convictions
Specific mode of conduct is preferable to its opposite

mode of conduct. Values carry an individuals concept of right and wrong. Serve as standards or criteria of evaluation Two parts
Content-identify a conduct that is important
Intensity-How important is the conduct

Value System
Hierarchy of values
Values are stable and enduring Values are set early in life Value system generally doesnt change Values make up the paradigm through which we see

the world. Influence attitudes, perception and behavior Motivational construct

Rokeach Values
Types of values

Terminal: Goals that individuals would like to achieve during their lifetime Instrumental: Preferable ways of behavior or means of achieving the terminal values.

Examples of Terminal Values

A comfortable life (a prosperous life) An exciting life (stimulating, active life) A sense of accomplishment (lasting contribution) A world of peace (free of war and conflict)

A world of beauty (beauty of nature and the arts)

Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all) Family security (taking care of loved ones)

Freedom (independence, free choice)

Happiness (contentedness)

Examples of Instrumental Values

Ambitious (hard working, aspiring)
Broad-minded (open-minded) Capable (competent, efficient) Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful)

Clean (neat, tidy)

Courageous (standing up for your beliefs) Forgiving (willing to pardon others)

Helpful (working for the welfare of others)

Honest (sincere, truthful)

A Framework for Assessing Cultural Values

Hofstedes Dimensions Power Distance Individualism Versus Collectivism Quantity of Life Versus Quality of Life Uncertainty Avoidance Long-term versus Short-term Orientation

Power Distance
The extent to which the less powerful members of

society accept that power is distributed unequally and accept the order of those in power.
Low power distance- U.S, Germany
High power distance- China, France, Russia

Individualism/Collectivism
In individualistic cultures people tend to look out for

themselves and their family, they prefer to act as individuals. In collectivistic cultures people look out for each other , they prefer to act as members of a group. Most Asian countries are collectivist High individualistic countries- U.S, Germany, France

Quantity of life/ Quality of life

A national culture attribute describing the extent to

which societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism. A national culture attribute that emphasizes relationships and concern for others.

Masculine/Feminine
Masculine cultures value success, money and material

possession, assertiveness and competition Feminine cultures value caring for others, maintain warm personal relationships, solidarity with others, and the quality of how life is lived.

Uncertainty avoidance
People in high uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer

structured over unstructured situations. High UA strict laws and punishments Increased levels of anxiety, stress, aggressiveness High UA- France, Russia Low UA- U.S, Indonesia

Long-term vs. short-term orientation

Long-term: value future-oriented behaviours such as

persistence and saving money. Short-term: values oriented toward the past and present, respect for tradition and fulfilling of social obligations

Attitudes
Individuals general affective, cognitive and intentional

responses. More or less stable set of predisposition of opinion. Frames of reference

Characteristics
Complex structure of beliefs
Different from values. Response to a certain set of facts. Evaluative statements. Influence behavior. Less stable than values.

Functions
Determine meaning.
Reconcile contradictions. Organize facts. Select facts- act as a screen of filter.

Formation of attitudes
Direct experience..
Family. Peer- group. Culture. Vicarious learning/ social learning. Learning by Conditioning( classical learning) Learning by reinforcement( instrumental learning

Attitudes and values

Both are learned or acquired.
Durable, deep rooted. Influence each other Affect cognitive and behavior processes of people.

Attitudes
Predisposition to response. Refers to several beliefs Off shoot of ones personal

Values
Judgmental ideas, right or

experiences.

wrong. Single belief Social and cultural modes.

Attitiudes
Three Components Cognitive the value component. Evaluative beliefs. Affective An emotional component. Feeling about something (I like this, I prefer that). Behavioral-the action component, the intent to act in a certain way.

Examples

I feel good about my job. I prefer working with groups.

Attitudes at work
Job Satisfaction
Job Involvement Organizational commitment

Job satisfaction
Pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from

the appraisal of ones job Factors conducive to job satisfaction o Challenging work o Personality job fit o Equitable rewards o Environment o Supportive working conditions

Job involvement
The degree to which a person identifies with his or her

job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance important to self- worth.

Organizational commitment
Degree to which an employee identifies with a

particular organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain membership in the organization. Components o Affective- emotional attachment o Continuance- cost of leaving the job o Normative- feelings of obligations to remain with theorganizations.

Cognitive Dissonance (Leon Festinger,1957)

Any incompatibility that an individual might perceive

between two or more of his or her attitudes, or between his or her behaviour and attitudes. Inconsistency is uncomfortable Individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, the discomfort.

Attitude and consistency

Desire to reduce dissonance o Importance of elements. o Degree of individual influence. o Rewards involved.

Reduce dissonance
Change cognitive element
Add new cognitive element Reduce the importance Counter attitudinal roleplaying

Attitude behavior relationship

Importance of the attitude
Specificity of the attitude Accessibility of the attitude Social pressures on the individual Direct experience with the attitude