WASTE

A lesson to learn: Nature doesn`t know waste! It`s us, we waste and pollute nature. It`s about time we learn from nature! Waste is energy!

SARAH CYNTHIA SYLVIA STOUT WOULD NOT TAKE THE GARBAGE OUT
Sarah Cynthia Sylvia Stout Would not take the garbage out! She'd scour the pots and scrape the pans, Candy the yams and spice the hams, And though her daddy would scream and shout, She simply would not take the garbage out. And so it piled up to the ceilings: Coffee grounds, potato peelings, Brown bananas, rotten peas, Chunks of sour cottage cheese. It filled the can, it covered the floor, It cracked the window and blocked the door With bacon rinds and chicken bones, Drippy ends of ice cream cones, Prune pits, peach pits, orange peel, Gloppy glumps of cold oatmeal, Pizza crusts and withered greens, Soggy beans and tangerines, Crusts of black burned buttered toast, Gristly bits of beefy roasts. . .

The garbage rolled on down the hall, It raised the roof, it broke the wall. . . Greasy napkins, cookie crumbs, Globs of gooey bubble gum, Cellophane from green baloney, Rubbery blubbery macaroni, Peanut butter, caked and dry, Curdled milk and crusts of pie, Mouldy melons, dried-up mustard, Eggshells mixed with lemon custard, Cold french fried and rancid meat, Yellow lumps of Cream of Wheat. At last the garbage reached so high That it finally touched the sky. And all the neighbours moved away, And none of her friends would come to play.

And finally Sarah Cynthia Stout said, "OK, I'll take the garbage out!" But then, of course, it was too late. . . The garbage reached across the state, From New York to the Golden Gate. And there, in the garbage she did hate, Poor Sarah met an awful fate, That I cannot now relate Because the hour is much too late. But children, remember Sarah Stout And always take the garbage out! Shel Silverstein, 1974

WHAT ABOUT YOUR GARBAGEHow do you treat it?

Do you pile it up too, until it fills the state and reach the sky, pollutes the waters, fills the air with fume ,grow like the mountains so high?

TREAT IT!
MSW + WTE
"DONT
WASTE YOUR

RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER SYSTEMS (REPS)

FOR MSW

(MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE)

GROUND HAS BEEN BROKEN AND FACILITIES ARE RISING UP ALL OVER THE WORLD. THESE ARE THE FACILITIES OF THE FUTURE; THOSE THAT WILL ENHANCE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INTO MUCH NEEDED ADVANCED ENERGY.

GERMANY, FIRST INCINERATION PLANT 1895

MODERN INCINERATION PLANT-USA / 2011

LANDFILL:
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is being produced since earths evolution. During the early period, MSW was conveniently disposed of in low lying areas with large open land space. The population growth lead to increase in Solid Waste generation and the problem of waste disposal and its adverse impact on the environment is recently diagnosed, may be due to enforcement. These dumping grounds not only affect the environment by air, water and soil pollution but also damage the property in the vicinity. The presence of moisture and rainwater leach the pollutant chemicals produced during degradation to dissolve and flow into the groundwater reserve/sea/river thereby affecting the flora and fauna of the water body. The dump sites virtually become a breeding ground for all kinds of diseases. Besides this, it leads to formation of secondary pollutants like H2S, CH3-SH and other Hydro sulphurous gaseous pollutants reacting with bacteria present in the waste in the presence of moisture and temperature. CH4 which is one of such toxic gases produced leads to fire hazards. Dumped hazardous and biomedical chemicals also leak into waterways and aquifers, which pollute water and soils.

TECHNOLOGIES:
The combustion of MSW through incineration plants offers several advantages over landfilling, the volume is drastically reduced (between 10% to 30%) of initial values. The material is rendered inert, and, providet high calorific material is burned, resulting energy can be recovered and transformed into heat and electricity.

BUT!:
The major drawbacks are the high investment costs for the incineration plant, the need for trained manpower and the need to treat flue gas, bunker leakage water and ash, as these contain highly toxic elements. Burning MSW in WTE plants produces comparatively high carbon dioxide emissions, a contributor to global climate change.

GASIFICATIO N

One of the most important innovation was the implementation of the waste gasification. This technology was first established by the company Sustec Schwarze Pumpe GmbH. The gasification of waste produces a syntheses gas. The gas will be transformed to methanol which can be sold. But the company Sustec Schwarze Pumpe GmbH stopped here activities in waste gasification in the year 2007 because the operating costs were too expensive. Since than much has happened especially seen in the light of need for new, alternative energy production. Pyrolytic Technologies are able to convert municipal solid waste into a consistent syngas that runs reciprocating gas engines to generate electricity.

Gasification is Not incineration. Incineration is the burning of fuels in an oxygen-

rich environment, where the waste material combusts and produces heat and carbon dioxide, along with a variety of other pollutants. Gasification is the conversion of feedstocks into their simplest molecules - carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane forming a syngas which is used for generating electricity power and recycled valuable products such as metal, glass, paper, plastic,

PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION SCHEMATIC______

The diagram shows the use of gas turbines but most warte to energy plants will use combustion engines!

HIGHEST EFFICENCY TECHNOLOGY

There is little or no oxygen present in the system. The gasification process vaporizes the waste and creates a high heat value syn-gas. The syn-gas is approximately 35% hydrogen with smaller amounts of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and various other hydrocarbon gases. The sysn-gas is than combusted in an internal combustion engine that drives a generator to produce electricity.

These systems are much more efficient than traditional mass burn technology that uses turbines in driving electrical generators. For example, a 200 metric ton per day mass burn plant will usually generate up to 4.2 MW of electricity per hour (or up to 7.5 MW with a high efficiency warte heat generating system) while a pyrolysis system with the same amount of warte will generate up to 9.5 MW of electricity per hour (11.5 MW with a high efficiency warte heat capture generating system.
Yet another advantage of the pyrolysis gasification system over a mass burn plant is that the use of syn-gas makes the plant less vulnerable to variations in the input warte stream.

Other Advantages:
less pollution - by using no oxygen, very few polluting flue gas emissions are produced modular plants provide flexibility of operation and redundancy to maximize plants

lower costs systems are easier to construct and can be manufactored in automated plants
more products pyrolysis gasification plants produce more useful by-products carbon credits may be eligible for more carbon credits and other incentives faster construction time a pyrolysis gasification plant can be constructed in 12 months, whereas a mass burn will take from 30 to 36 months

NEXT GENERATION WASTE TO ENERGY POWER DESIGN

1. Incoming trash is dumped into the angled garbage chute where gravity feeds it into the grinding wheels. The ground garbage is then feed into the gasifiers. 2. In the gasifiers, the garbage is destroyed by the plasma and turned into SynGas. The moisture in the garbage is turned into live steam. Both the SynGas and the steam are piped into the Heat Exchanger. 3. Inside the Heat Exchanger, the 2,200 degree (F) SynGas heats recycled water into steam and is cooled in the process. The cooled gas is then fed to the SynGas Filter. Meanwhile, the steam from the gasifiers is mixed with the steam created by the heated SynGas... and that steam is fed to the Steam Turbine. 4. The Steam Turbine powers a generator which produces the electricity used by the entire facility... including the plasma jets. 5. The cooled SynGas from the Heat Exchanger is piped to a filter where the gas is cleaned up for use in the Gas Turbine. 6. The Gas Turbine is powered by the SynGas... which powers another generator to produce electricity which is sold back to the grid for profit or used as a municipal power source.

OPTIMIZED PLANT DESIGN

The proposed waste management, generation of electricity and recycable materials consists of the following subsystems. Everyone of thess subsystems has been used in waste to energy plants for the last five years and several for over twenty years. Their capability and reliability is beyond question.

PLANT OPERATIONS COMPONENTS:

* waste handling separation of combustible from non-combustible materials non-combustible waste separation and recycling pyrolysis gasification primary electricity generation waste and heat recovery and secondary electricity generation, if required production of bio-char

flue gas treatment, if required

residue treatment, if required conversion of polluted and/or salt water into potable water, if required waste heat recovery for absorbent cooling, if required

WASTE HANDLING
This is not the way Africa should treat the waste problem!

Separation of non-combustible waste material in a clean and hygienic environment!

MECHANICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS

Sorting, shredding, metal separation and screening - a perfect preparation for the pyrolysis process

WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS

Hierarchy and principles of waste management.
Waste means any substances or objects which the holder (resident, company or organisation) disposes of, intends to dispose of, or that are required to be disposed of. The quantity of domestic waste, including hazardous waste, is increasing drastically all over the globe. Future forecasts are not promising the increasing quantity of waste is posing a threat to the environment and human health. As time goes by, waste is becoming an increasingly valuable resource. Better waste management will lead to better re-use and help avoid the disposal of waste that could be biologically and chemically harmful to the environment. However, despite some successful efforts waste management still remains a problem. The quantity of waste keeps increasing. Approximately 90% of all waste goes to landfills which results in the loss of large quantities of valuable materials and energy. Moreover, emissions into air, water and soil, noise and other factors which might be caused by poor or non-existing waste management contribute to environmental problems and determine unnecessary economic expenses that can be avoided.

Waste management principles

The main principles of waste management are proximity, sufficiency, generality and the Polluter Pays Principle. All national and municipal waste management systems are built on the basis of these principles.

ORGANISATORIC & PLANNING APROACH

FINANCE AND FUNDING:
Safeguard the future by understanding both the public and private routes to finance.

FEEDSTOCK SECURITY:
Establish long term contracts with waste management companies that will secure the business plan for years to come.

BUILDING YOUR FACILITY:

Reduce the capital expenditure by avoiding the costly pitfalls others have faced.

PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE AND LOCAL POLICY:

Incorporate crucial stakeholders in local and regional government to guarantee the project gets approved fast and gets approved first!

A CUSTOMER FOCUSED SUPPLY CHAIN:

Sell to customers effectively by understanding how the service/energy production can contribute to their business strategy.

CREATING SUSTAINABLE PARTNERSHIPS:

Forge partnerships with industry leaders to ensure the business survives in an uncertain

PHREG
-a five letter word with the best of intentions!

Pyrolytic Heat Recovery

with

Enhanced
Gasification

Wet Feed Solids Hopper Feed Flow Controller

CLOSE (OPEN) OPEN (CLOSE)

Air Lock Feeder

PHREG REACTOR
CONCEPT
Solids Drying Zone I

Pyrogas & Steam Vent

100- 120 C

Liquid Organic Feed (optional)

Pyroliquids Draw (optional) 350- 400 C

Pyroliquids Recycle(optional)

Solids Pyrolysis Zone II

850- 900 C

Air/O2/Steam
To each burner

Char Gasification Zone III 1200- 1600 C

1700- 2000 C

Reactor Fuel
Insulation &/or Jacketing Segmental Flange Injector/Burner Ring

Ash/Slag Liquefaction Zone IV

Slag/Glass recovery Metals recovery

Slag / Glass/ Metals Collection Pit

PHREG
-a simple proven process, a low-cost reactor design, near-zero emissions, and a highly efficient energy recovery (80%) turns trash into treasure!
Pyrolytic Gasification yields a high quality Synthesis Gas from Waste Materials such as: Municipal Solid Waste Biomass and Agricultural Wastes Sewer Plant Sludge Medical & Hospital Waste Refinery & Oil Processing Wastes Used Tires Construction & Demolition Wastes If it contains organicsits a fuel to us and a disposal problem solved for you !

Condensor Clean SynGas Solutions Water Recycle Acid Gas for Scrubbing

Product Gas

Organic Feed

Recycle Fuel

Steam & Aux. Water Boiler (Optional)

Pyrolysis/ Gasification Reactor W/ Jacketing Dirty Gas

Particulate Solids / Liquids Removal

Absorber Scrubber Soln. Regeneration Scrubber Salt To Disposal

Fresh Fuel (As Needed)

Air

Burner (Typ. 4-8)

O2 (As Needed)

Slag Collection Disposal/Recycle

Oxygen Plant (Optional)

PHREG PYRO & GASIFICATION PROCESS SCHEMATIC

SynGas Utilization
Several commercially viable options available

Clean SynGas

Power From Gas Turbine Generator

Power & Steam from Combined cycle Cogen Unit

Alt Fuels & Chemicals (H2, CH3OH, CH4, Hydrocarbons)

What`s Left to Dispose of? Maybe Nothing!

Scrubber Salts (which may be recyclable to chemical manufacturer) 0.2-1.0% of original feed wt Non-hazardous Vitreous slag ( which may be used as construction fill or primary material ) 0.5-2.5 % of original feed weight

The rest is all revenue streams - $$$$

How long does it take to recover investment in PHREG technology ?

Any successful commercial process must pay for itself and generate a profit. The competitive advantage of PHREG is maximum recovery of the waste feed energy value into syngas from the reactor without the cost or environmental problems inherent with the competition. That reactor product must be converted into value, however. The quickest, lowest total capital means of doing this is to generate power with a gas-turbine generator(GTG).

What does it cost to generate power from PHREG ?

Operation of a 500-2500 ton/day RET commercial plant will allow for electricity at a competitive 10-15 cents/kilowatt-hr. This cost of generation is comparable to that of new power plant construction using existing generation methods such as gas, oil, hydroelectric or coal.

 2,000 TPD facility = 2,000 MWe per day at 88 Mwe

$93,000 per day sold at $0.04/kWh = $34

million/year $250 million Capital Cost (less land) 10 years simple payback from electricity sales @ 33% Operating & Maintenance costs Tipping fees, aggregate sales, recycling metals all improve the ROI

WASTE IN
All material you can burn, you can also convert to Diesel!

DIESEL OUT

Diesel Oil from Waste by Catalytic Depolymerization

It sounds to good to be true, but after 25 years of R&D beginning in Siemens laboratories followed by a buy-out of the rights to the technology by the inventor Dr Christian Koch, units are now in operation worldwide and have proven successful producing diesel at a cost as low as 0.23 per litre!

Catalytic Depolymerization
Depolymerization is a process for the reduction of complex organic materials into light crude oil. It mimics the natural geological processes thought to be involved in the production of fossil fuels. Under pressure and heat, long chain polymers of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon decompose into short-chain petroleum hydrocarbons with a maximum length of around 18 carbons.

Process Efficiency
The efficiency is regarding to the low reaction temperature (250 285C), and high conversion rates (about 80 % of the Hydrocarbons content of the input materials). The process unit is very low maintenance, reliable and safe. Energy demand, heat and power, for processing is supplied by a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, consuming only about 10% of the diesel produced.

KDV - Katalytische Drucklose Verlung Catalytic Pressureless Oiling

The KDV technology allows the conversion of almost every carbonaceous material into high quality Synthetic Diesel. Therefore this system can be used to solve your waste problems cost-effectively and additionally produce a considerable amount of Diesel or Electricity. It converts waste into most valuable fuel. Turns ordinary waste into high grade synthetic mineral diesel and protect the environment in a highly sustainable way. A solution to wisely re-use all our resources profitably and a chance to cut our dependence from oil.

What are the characteristics of KDV diesel?

KDV diesel is CO2-neutral. KDV diesel, a high grade mineral diesel with the highest standards. KDV diesel complies with European Union standards. Diesel engines do not have to be adjusted to KDV diesel. KDV Diesel complies widely with the DIN EN 590 Standards.

What materials can be converted into KDV diesel?

All organic matter such as: Biomass (plants C-3 and C-4), wood, biological residues such as leaves, hay, etc. Used oils (also contaminated oils), refinery residues, bitumen. All kinds of synthetic materials such as plastics (PVC, PET, etc.). Domestic garbage, Municipal Solid Waste, catering and gastronomic leftovers.

Usual distribution of municipal waste material

How trustworthy is the KDV Technology?

-There is no formation of dioxins or furans due to the low temperature used in the conversion process (below 400 degrees celsius). -There is no risk of explosions due to the fact that the conversion process generates a slight negative pressure. -There is no accumulation of dangerous residues. Toxic residues are converted into innocuous salts for easy elimination. - This technology does not require the German BIMSch IV certification that regulates emissions into the atmosphere.

How secure is an investment in KDV Technology?

- An investment in a KDV Plant has a high profit rate due to the selling of the synthetic diesel that is produced. - The energy sector is one of the most promising investment sectors in the history of humankind. - The high return on investment is expected to grow in relation to the increase of the fossil oil prices.

2030 2/3 the fossil fuel demand has to be covered by new fuels that we do not have today (Energy Watch Group).

Why is it so interesting to apply KDV Technology?

-There is a major and growing worldwide problem with waste management and final disposal of waste. - Waste management is increasingly expensive and non-effective. - Open air waste dump sites and incineration plants are already saturated and are creating major environmental, health, economic, social and political problems.

What technological innovations are included in the current KDV Technology

KDVs new generation of core units is able to produce up to 15,000 liters per hour of KDV Diesel. The new KDV system now includes a double feeding system allowing a very flexible processing of both solids and liquid residues. The new KDV system has a new module for the treatment of residual ashes as well as for the de-sulfurization of diesel, thus securing a final product that is of the highest standards and complies with the strictest European Union requirements. The new KDV system has a new automated system in the feeding and mixing devises, as well as new electronic systems that allow an efficient control at all levels in the conversion process
With our processing we carry out the process of petroleum genesis, for which nature needed millions of years, in some minutes Christian Koch Chemical Engineer