Nelson MANDELA:

Biography:
Csar Alberto Al Figueroa Cuarto de Secundaria

His youth Education and early career His fight His detention The Rivonia Trial Imprisonment Release

Nelson MANDELA: Biography

The end of Apartheid Presidency Family Retirement

His youth:
Rolihlahla Dalibunga Mandela was born in South Africa on July 18 in1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe. At the age of nine he lost his father. So the paramount chief, Jongintaba Dalindyebo, became his guardian Attended meetings conducted by Jongintaba Learned about governance

Education and early career:

Attended Methodist missionary schools. There, renamed Nelson. Enrolled at University of Fort Hare in 1938 Befriended Oliver Tambo Both expelled in 1940 for political activism Worked at law firm in Johannesburg Took course provided by University of South Africa at night Studied law at University of Witwatersrand

Opened firm with Oliver Tambo in 1952 First black African legal practice.

His fight:
Joined African National Congress in 1944
Formed Youth League with Oliver Tambo o Secretary of ANCYL in 1947 National Party won election of 1948, and established the Apartheid. o New ANC president approved by ANCYL President of ANCYL in 1951 Banned from ANC in 1952 o Prohibited from attending meetings or holding an office

Confined to Johannesburg area

ANC operated underground

His detention:
156 nationalists arrested December 5th, 1956 Included Mandela and Albert Luthuli, President of ANC PAC, Combination of five major anti-apartheid organizations, Formed by more radical members of ANC Rivalry between ANC and PAC

The Sharpeville Massacre: 69 demonstrators killed on March 21, 1960

Both groups (ANC and PAC) formed military wings in 1961 Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation MK) Mandela appointed first commander of MK. Mandela left country in secret in 1962, Traveled to Algeria for military training - Guerilla warfare Next to London to visit Tambo, Arrested upon return

The Rivonia Trial:

Charged for leaving country, Sentenced to five years in prison

During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

Imprisonment:
He spent 27 years in prison, 18 years of which on Robben Island lived in a 4 sqm- cell black prisoners werent considered to be human beings Offered freedom in 1976 Told that in exchange he must withdraw from political activism 1982: they were sent to Pollsmore Prison 1985: Mandela refused a possibility to get free because he would have to stop fighting violently

Release:
Frederik Willem de Klerk became president in 1989 Lifted ban on all political parties

Released all political prisoners not guilty of violent crimes On February 11th, 1990 Mandela was released

The end of Apartheid:

Replaced Tambo as president of ANC Convention for Democratic South America formed in 1991 o To negotiate transitional government o Both Mandela and de Klerk involved Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize in December of 1993 First multiracial election in South Africa in April of 1994 o ANC won by 62% o Government of National Unity Mandela became president of South Africa

Presidency:
First black president of South Africa, Inaugurated May 10th, 1994 Truth and Reconciliation Commission Human rights violations from old regime Improved living standards of black population
Aimed to improve social and economic conditions for black majority Large scale redistribution of wealth
Better housing and education Violence control Afrikaner Resistance Movement Extremists opposing

new

government using terrorism Legislation to protect workers Workplace safety, overtime pay, minimum wage

Family:
Mandela has been married three times 1944: marriage with Evelyn Ntoko Mase o They had five children, but two died o 1957: the marriage was divorced
1958: he married Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela o They had a son together, Makgatho Mandela o 1996: they were divorced

1998: Mandela married Graa Machel

January 2005: Mandelas second son died of AIDS

Retirement:
Decided not to run for reelection in 1997 o Supported Thabo Mbeki o Inaugurated June 16, 1999 Son Makgatho Mandela died of AIDS on January 6th, 2005
2002: Nelson Mandelas worldwide campaign 46664 against AIDS was founded. 46664 was his prison number on Robben Island Aim of the organisation is to inform people about AIDS and how important it is to protect oneself Retired from public life in 2004

 We have at last achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender, and other discrimination We commit ourselves to the construction of a complete, just and lasting peace.

. . . Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another. . .
Let freedom reign.