ENERGY DISSIPATION DAMPERS

SUB : EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATED BY : TANVI GARG (2008UAR133)

INTRODUCTION

ACTIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES - Active control systems sense and resist building motion, either by applying external force or by modifying structural properties of active elements. PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES - add damping (and sometimes stiffness) to the building. Ideally, energy dissipation devices dampen earthquake excitation of the structure that would otherwise cause higher levels of response and damage to components of the building.

CONCEPTUALLY, isolation reduces response of the superstructure by decoupling the building from the ground. Typical isolation systems reduce forces transmitted to the superstructure by lengthening the period of the building and adding some amount of damping. Among the most important advanced techniques of earthquake resistant design and construction are: Base Isolation Sliding systems Energy damping Devices

BASE ISOLATORS

SLIDING SYSTEMS
SLIDING SYSTEMS (FRICTION PENDULUMS)

ENERGY DAMPING DEVICES

DAMPING DEVICES AND BRACING SYSTEMS Damping devices are usually installed as part of bracing systems, with one end attached to a column and one end attached to a floor beam. Primarily, this arrangement provides the column with additional support. Most earthquake ground motion is in a horizontal direction; so, it is a buildings columns which normally undergo the most displacement relative to the motion of the ground.

When seismic energy is transmitted through them, dampers absorb part of it, and thus damp the motion of the building.

ENERGY DAMPING DEVICES - TYPES

Damping devices that have been developed can be grouped into three broad categories:
Friction Dampers: these utilize frictional forces to dissipate energy (energy is absorbed by surfaces with friction between them rubbing against each other) Metallic Dampers : utilize the deformation of metal elements within the damper (energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield) Viscoelastic Dampers : utilize the controlled shearing of solids (energy is absorbed by utilizing the controlled shearing of solids) Viscous Dampers: utilized the forced movement of fluids within the damper (energy is absorbed by silicone-based fluid passing between piston cylinder arrangement)

FLUID VISCOUS DAMPER

A fluid viscous damper resembles the common shock absorber such as those found in automobiles. The piston transmits energy entering the system to the fluid in the damper, causing it to move within the damper. The movement of the fluid within the damper fluid absorbs this kinetic energy by converting it into heat. energy dissipation is achieved through the use of a moving piston in a hollow cylinder filled with a silicone-based fluid compound, which is forced to pass through small orifices around and through the piston head. Energy is transformed into heat due to friction

FLUID VISCOUS DAMPER

METALLIC DAMPERS
In these devices, energy dissipation is based on the ability of metals to undergo numerous inelastic cycles until failing and therefore to absorb significant amounts of energy. Metallic dampers are usually made from steel. They are designed to deform so much when the building vibrates during an earthquake that they cannot return to their original shape. This permanent deformation is called inelastic deformation, and it uses some of the earthquake energy which goes into building. It is the stiffness ratio rather than the ductility ratio that has a greater effect on the performance of the devices under seismic loading.

FRICTION DAMPERS
In this case, energy is dissipated by the friction that is generated due to the sliding of two solid materials against each other. Friction dampers are designed to have moving parts that will slide over each other during a strong earthquake. When the parts slide over each other, they create friction which uses some of the energy from the earthquake that goes into the building. The damper is made up from a set of steel plates, with slotted holes in them, and they are bolted together. At high enough forces, the plates can slide over each other creating friction. The plates are specially treated to increase the friction between them.

FRICTION DAMPERS

VISCO ELASTIC DAMPERS

A viscoelastic material is characterized by possessing both viscous and elastic behavior.

A purely elastic material is one in which all the energy stored in the sample during loading and is returned when the load is removed. Viscoelastic material properties frequency, temperature, stress and strain and other irreversible effects.

TUNED MASS DAMPER

Tuned mass dampers (TMD) employ movable weights on some sort of springs. These are typically employed to reduce wind sway in very tall, light buildings.

Typically, the dampers are huge concrete blocks or steel bodies mounted in skyscrapers or other structures, and moved in opposition to the resonance frequency oscillations of the structure by means of springs, fluid or pendulums.

DIFFERENCE

METALLIC DEVICE The metallic device is referred to as a rate-independent device. The metallic device is rate independent since the resisting force in the device is a function only of the relative displacement across the device.

VISCOUS DEVICE The viscous device is classified as a rate-dependent device. The viscous device is rate dependent since the resisting force in the device is dependent, in part or in full, on the relative velocity across the device