BY, BHARAT SHETTY POOJA SHETTY ANKITA SHETTY NIKITA RAI SAVIN SHETTY

INDEX
INTRODUCTION NETWORK TOPOLOGY (ANKITA SHETTY) TYPES OF NETWORKS (BHARAT SHETTY) TYPES OF SERVER (NIKITA RAI) COMPONENTS OF NETWORKS (POOJA SHETTY) OSI MODEL (SAVIN SHETTY) BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS NETWORKING? Networking is the word basically relating to computers and their connectivity. The term networking implies the link between two or more computers and their devices, with the soul purpose of sharing the data stored in the computers, with each other.

Networking can be either wired or wireless.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Computer network topology is the way various components of a network are arranged.

The way in which different systems and nodes are connected and communicate with each other is determined by topology of the network.

Topology can be physical or logical.

Physical Topology is the physical layout of nodes, workstations and cables in the network; while Logical Topology is the way information flows between different components.

TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES
BUS TOPOLOGY In Bus Topology, all the nodes (computers as well as servers) are connected to the single cable . This central cable is the backbone of the network and is known as Bus. Every workstation communicates with the other device through this Bus.

ADVANTAGES
It is easy to set-up and extend bus network.

Bus topology costs very less.

Cable length required for this topology is the least compared to other networks.

DISADVANTAGE
There is a limit on central cable length and number of nodes that can be connected. If the main cable (i.e. bus ) encounters some problem, whole network breaks down. It is difficult to detect and troubleshoot fault at individual station. Maintenance costs can go higher with time. Efficiency of Bus network reduces as the number of devices connected to it increases. It is not suitable for networks with heavy traffic.

STAR TOPOLOGY
In Star topology, all the components of network are connected to the central device called nodes were

connected to central cable,

here all the workstations are connected to central device with a point-to-point connection.

So it can be said that every computer is indirectly connected to every other node by the help of HUB.

All the data on the star topology passes through the central device before reaching the intended destination.

ADVANTAGES
As compared to Bus topology it gives far much better performance.

In star topology new nodes can be added easily without affecting rest of the network.

Failure of one node or link doesnt affect the rest of network. At the same time its easy to detect the failure and troubleshoot it.

DISADVANTAGE
Too much dependency on central device has its own drawbacks. If it fails whole network goes down.

The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the network.

RING TOPOLOGY
In Ring Topology, all the nodes are connected to each-other in such a way that they make a closed loop. Each workstation is connected to two other components on either side, and it communicates with these two adjacent neighbors. Data travels around the network, in one direction. Sending and receiving of data takes place by the help of TOKEN.

ADVANTAGES
In ring topology all the traffic flows in only one direction at very high speed. Even when the load on the network increases, its performance is better than that of Bus topology.

There is no need for network server to control the connectivity between workstations.

DISADVANTAGE
Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source and destination. This makes it slower than Star topology.

If one workstation or port goes down, the entire network gets affected.
Network is highly dependent on the wire which connects different components.

MESH TOPOLOGY
In a mesh network topology, each network node, computer and other devices are interconnected with one another.

Every node not only sends its own

signals but also relays data from other nodes.

In fact a true mesh topology is the one where every node is connected to every other node in the network.

ADVANTAGES
Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic. Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present, So that data transfer doesnt get affected.

DISADVANTAGE
There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network connections. Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to other network topologies. Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Even administration of the network is tough.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings. Each node (individual computer) in a LAN has its own CPU with which, it executes programs, but it also is able to access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. Speed of LAN varies from 1 mbps-30 mbps (megabits per second).

MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)

A Metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus.

A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN).

The network size falls intermediate between LANs and WANs.

A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter.

Speed of MAN ranges at 10 mbps.

WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).

The term Wide Area Network (WAN) usually refers to a network which covers a large geographical area.

Wide-Area Networks are commonly connected either through the Internet or special arrangements made with phone companies or other service providers.

In a WAN, one network may be anywhere from several hundred miles away, to across the globe in a different country.

SERVERS
What are Servers?

Server is a computer or a device that manages network resources such as file, printer, and user group as well as network traffic on the network.

During the server selection two parameter are very important to consider that is server specification and processor specification.

There are also some more specification to be consider are memory, storage, connectivity, operating system support specifications.

TYPES OF SERVER
APPLICATION SERVER An application server is a server that provides software applications with services such as security, data services, transaction support, load balancing, and management of large distributed systems. The term is often used for web servers that support the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition; however its use isn't restricted to Java.

Catalog Server

A catalog server provides a single point of access that allows users to centrally search for information across a distributed network.

In other words, it indexes databases, files and information across large network and allows keywords, Boolean and other searches.

COMMUNICATION SERVER
Communications servers are open, standardsbased computing systems that operate as a carrier-grade common platform for a wide range of communications applications and allow equipment providers to add value at many levels of the system architecture. LAN is basically used with Communication server

Database servers
A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computers, as defined by the clientserver model. The term may also refer to a computer dedicated to running such a program. Database management systems frequently provide database server functionality. Such a server is accessed either through a "front end" running on the users computer which displays requested data or the "back end" which runs on the server and handles tasks such as data analysis and storage.

FILE SERVER
In computing, a file server is a computer attached to a network that has the primary purpose of providing a location for shared disk access, i.e. shared storage of computer files (such as documents, sound files, photographs, movies, images, databases, etc.) that can be accessed by the workstations that are attached to the same computer network. It is designed primarily to enable the storage and retrieval of data while the computation is carried out by the workstations. File servers are commonly found in schools and offices, where users use a LAN to connect their client computers.

Game Server
A game server (sometimes host or shard) is a server which is the authoritative source of events in a multiplayer video game.

The server transmits enough data about its internal state to allow its connected clients to maintain their own accurate version of the game world for display to players.

They also receive and process each player's input.

PROXY SERVER
A proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers.

A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from a different server and the proxy server evaluates the request as a way to simplify and control their complexity.

Today, most proxies are web proxies, facilitating access to content on the World Wide Web.

Print server
A print server, or printer server, is a device that connects printers to client computers over a network.

It accepts print jobs from the computers and sends the jobs to the appropriate printers.

A print server may be a networked computer with one or more shared printers.

Alternatively a print server may be a dedicated device on the network, with connections to the LAN and one or more printers.

Print server functionality may be integrated with other devices such as a wireless router, a firewall, or both.

A WIRELESS PRINT SERVER

COMPONENTS OF NETWORK
LAN CARDS
With the increasing use of the computers and the networking the local area network of the LAN is one such network type which links the two computers in a connection.

For this connection a Local area network card or the LAN card is required which enables the connection of the computers in a network.

It is a piece of hardware which is connected inside the PC linking the computer network.

The LAN cards usually are designed to support the rate transfer to be ranging from 10 to 1000 megabits per second.

HUB
A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.

TYPES OF HUBS A PASSIVE HUB serves simply as a conduit for the data, enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another. ACTIVE HUBS. INTELLIGENT HUBS include additional features that enables an administrator to monitor the traffic passing through the hub and to configure each port in the hub. Intelligent hubs are also called manageable hubs.

SWITCH
A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network segments or network devices. Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally contains more intelligence (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately. By delivering messages only to the connected device intended, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.

ROUTER
Router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating an overlay internet work.

A router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks.

The most familiar type of routers are home and small office routers that simply pass data, such as web pages and email, between the home computers and the owner's cable or modem, which connects to the Internet through an ISP

BRIDGES
A bridge device filters data traffic at a network boundary. Bridges reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two segments.

A bridge reads the outermost section of data on the data packet, to tell where the message is going.

It reduces the traffic on other network segments, since it does not send all packets.

Bridges forward all broadcast messages.

MODEM
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. The most familiar example is a voice band modem that turns the digital data of a personal computer into modulated electrical signals in the voice frequency range of a telephone channel. These signals can be transmitted over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.

OSI (OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION ) MODEL

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a product of the OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION effort at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

It is a prescription of characterizing and standardizing the functions of a communications system in terms of abstraction layers.

A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it.

There are in all 7 layers in OSI model :

APPLICATION LAYER (Layer 7)

The Application Layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means that both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application.

partner

This layer also interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component.

PRESENTATION LAYER (Layer 6)

The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts.

This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network. It is sometimes called the Syntax layer.

SESSION LAYER (Layer 5)

The Session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. Session Layer establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It sets up by connection establishment, data transfer and connection release.

Responsible for establishing and maintaining communications channels. In practice, often combined with the Transport Layer. Facilitates a dialogue between communicating systems and controls the dialogue: (transmission modes)
Simplex Half-duplex Full duplex

TRANSPORT LAYER (Layer 4)

The Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers.

The transport layer ensures the control flow control, segmentation/deseg mentation, and error control.

NETWORK LAYER (Layer 3)

The Network Layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source host on one network to a destination host on a different network. Establishes a connection between two nodes by physical and logical addressing. Layers primary function is to deliver packets from the source network to the destination network.

DATA LINK LAYER (Layer 2)

It is responsible for Segmentation of upper layer datagrams (also called packets) into frames in sizes that can be handled by the communications hardware. It receives request from the network layer and gives request to physical layer.

PHYSICAL LAYER (Layer 1)

Transmits the raw bit stream and includes electrical signalling and includes electromagnetic features like hubs, repeaters, etc.

It defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WWW.GOOGLE.COM

WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

http://computer.howstuffworks.com