Network Analysis and

Synthesis
Chapter 2
Network transform
representation and analysis
2.1 The transformed circuit
When analyzing a network in time domain we will be dealing
with
Derivation and
Integration
However, when transformed to complex frequency domain
these become
Derivation -> multiplication by s
Integration -> division by s
Hence, it is easier to do network analysis in complex
frequency domain.
cont


The voltage current relationships of network elements in time
domain and complex frequency domain are given as:

Resistor



) ( ) ( t Ri t v =
) ( ) ( s RI s V =
cont
Inductor
The time domain relation ships are





In frequency domain they become
) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
) (
) (
0

+ =
=
}

i d v
L
t i
dt
t di
L t v
t
t t
s
i
sL
s V
s I
Li s sLI s V
) 0 ( ) (
) (
) 0 ( ) ( ) (

+ =
=
Cont

Cont
An inductor is represented in frequency domain as
An impedance sL in series with a voltage source
Used in mesh analysis.
or
An admittance 1/sL in parallel with a current source
Used in nodal analysis.
Cont
Capacitor
The time domain relation ships are





In frequency domain they become
dt
t dv
C t i
v d i
C
t v
t
) (
) (
) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
0
=
+ =

}

t t
) 0 ( ) ( ) (
) 0 ( ) (
) (

=
+ =
Cv s sCV s I
s
v
sC
s I
s V
Cont.
Cont.
A capacitor is represented in frequency domain as
An impedance 1/sC in series with a voltage source
Used in mesh analysis.
or
An admittance sC in parallel with a current source
Used in nodal analysis.
Example 1
In the figure below, the switch is switched from position 1 to 2 at
t=0. Draw its transformed circuit and write the transformed
equations using mesh analysis.
Ex 1 Solution
The transformed circuit is
Ex 1 Solution
The transformed equations become

Example 2
The switch is thrown to position 2 at t=0. Find i(t).
V v
amp i
C
L
2 ) 0 (
2 ) 0 (
=
=

The transformed circuit is

Ex 2 Solution
Ex 2 Solution

Writing the transformed equation


Solving for I(s)



Inverse transforming
) (
2
3
2
2
5
s I
s
s
s s
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = +
1
1
2
1
) (
) 1 )( 2 (
3 2
) (
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
s s
s I
s s
s
s I
t t
e e t i

+ =
2
) (
Example 3
At t=0, the switch is opened. Find the node voltages v
1
and v
2



v 1 mho 1
f 1
2
1
= =
= =
V G
C h L
Ex 3 Solution
The transformed circuit becomes

Ex 3 Solution
The transformed equations become




Solving these 2 equations




End of today's class !!!
2.2 System function
The excitation , e(t), and response, r(t), of a linear
system are related by a linear differential equation.
When transformed to complex frequency domain the
relationship between excitation and response is
algebraic one.
When the system is initially inert, the excitation and
response are related by the system function H(s)
given by
) ( ) ( ) ( s E s H s R =
The system function may have many different
forms and may have special names. Such as:
Driving point admittance
Transfer impedance
Voltage or current ratio transfer function
This is because the excitation and response
may be taken from the same port or different
ports and the excitation and response can be
either voltage or current.
Impedance
Transfer impedance is when the excitation is a
current source and the response is a voltage.


When both the excitation and response is at
the same port it is called driving point
impedance.
) (
) (
) (
0
s I
s V
s H
g
=
sL
sC
sL
sC
R s H
+
+ =
1
1
) (
Admittance
Transfer admittance is when the excitation is a
voltage source and the response is a current.


) (
) (
) (
0
s V
s I
s H
g
=
R
sC
sL
s H
+ +
=
1
1
) (
Voltage ratio transfer function
When the excitation is a voltage source and
the response is a voltage.


) (
) (
) (
0
s V
s V
s H
g
=
) ( ) (
) (
) (
2 1
2
s Z s Z
s Z
s H
+
=
Current ratio transfer function
When the excitation is a current source and
the response is a current.


) (
) (
) (
0
s I
s I
s H
g
=
sC
sL R
sC
s H
R sL
sC
R sL
s H
1
1
) (
1
1
) (
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
Note that, the system function is a function of
the system elements only.
It is obtained from the network by using the
standard circuit laws. Such as:
Kirchhoffs law
Nodal analysis
Mesh analysis
Example 4
Obtain the driving point impedance of the network.
Then using the following excitations determine the
response.
1.
2. The square pulse on figure b
3. The waveform on figure c
( ) ) ( ) ( t u t Sinw t i
o g
=
a b c
First lets find the driving point impedance
Note that it is the equivalent impedance of
the 3 elements

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ +
=
CL
s
C
G
s C
s
G
sL
sC
s H
1
1
1
) (
2
1.
Its transform is


Hence, the response is


( ) ) ( ) ( t u t Sinw t i
o g
=
2 2
0
) (
o
w s
w
S I
+
=
(

+ +
+
= =
LC C
G
s s C
s
w s
w
s H s I s V
o
o
g o
1
. ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 2
2. The excitation is given as



Hence, the response is
as
e
s s
s I
a t u t u t i

=
=
1 1
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
(

+ +

= =

LC C
G
s s C
s
s
e
s H s I s V
as
g o
1
.
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
3. The excitation is given as

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a t u
a
a t
t u
a
t
t u t i
g

+ =
2 2
1 1
) (
as
e
as s
s I
as
+ =
Consider the partial fraction expansion of R(s)


where s
i
are the poles of H(s) and s
j
are the poles of E(s).
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of R(s)


The terms are associated with the system
H(s) and are called the free response terms.
t s
i
i
e A
The terms are due to the excitation E(s)
and are called the forced response terms.
The frequencies s
i
are the natural frequency of
the system, while the frequencies s
j
are the
frequencies of the excitation.
t s
j
j
e B
Problem
Find the free response and the forced
response for the circuit below. The system is
inert before applying the source.
) ( ) (cos
2
1
) ( t u t t v
g
=
2.3 Poles and zeros of system
We will discuss the relationship between the
poles and zeros of a system function and its
steady state sinusoidal response.
In other words, we will investigate the effect
of positions of poles and zeros upon H(s) on
the jw axis.
To find the steady-state sinusoidal response of
a system function we replace s by jw.
Hence, the system function becomes


Where
M(w) is the amplitude or magnitude response
(w) is the phase response

) (
) ( ) (
| ) ( ) (
w j
jw s
e w M jw H
s H jw H
|
=
=
=
The amplitude and phase response of a
system provide valuable information in the
analysis and design of transmission circuits.
Consider the low pass filter
Observe that
It passes only frequency
below w
c

The phase response is
almost linear till w
c
Hence, if all the significant harmonic terms are
less than w
c
, then the system will produce
minimum phase distortion.
In the rest of this section, we will concentrate
on methods to obtain amplitude and phase
response curves.
R-C network



To obtain H(jw) we substitute s by jw.
RC
s
RC
sC
R
sC
s V
s V
s H
1
1
1
1
) (
) (
) (
1
2
+
=
+
= =
RC
jw
RC
jw H
1
1
) (
+
=
In polar form H(jw) becomes

) ( tan
2
1
2 2
2
) (
1
1
) (
1
w j wRC j
e w M e
C R
w
RC
jw H
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

( ) wRC w
C R
w
RC
w M
1
2
1
2 2
2
tan ) (
1
1
) (

=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
The amplitude is unity and the phase is zero
degrees at w=0.
The amplitude and phase decrease
monotonically as we increase w.
When w=1/RC, the amplitude is 0.707 and
phase is -45
0
.

As w increases to infinity M(w) goes to zero
and the phase approaches -90
0
.

Half power point
Amplitude and phase from pole-zero
diagram
For the system function


H(jw) can be written as


Each one of the or represent
a vector from z
i
or p
j
to the jw axis at w.
) )( )( (
) )( (
) (
2 1 0
1 0 0
p s p s p s
z s z s A
s H


=
) )( )( (
) )( (
) (
2 1 0
1 0 0
p jw p jw p jw
z jw z jw A
jw H


=
) (
i
z jw
) (
j
p jw
If we express

Then H(jw) can be given as


j
i
j
j j
j
i i
e M p jw e N z jw
|

= = ,
( )
2 1 0 2 1 0
2 1 0
2 1 0
) (
| | | + +
=
j
e
M M M
N N A
jw H
In general,





Example
For find the magnitude and
phase for w=2.
Solution
First let us find the zeros and poles


Zero at jw=0
Poles at

2 2
4
) (
2
+ +
=
s s
s
s F
) 1 )( 1 (
4
) (
j jw j jw
jw
jw F
+ + +
=
) 1 ( ) 1 ( j jw and j jw + = =
Magnitude


Phase
5
4
10 * 2
2
* 4 ) 2 ( = = j M
0 0 0 0
8 . 26 45 8 . 71 90 ) 2 ( = = j |
Exercise


Examine the property of F(s) around the poles
and zeroes.
Bode plots
In this section we turn our attention to semi
logarithmic plots of system function, called
Bode plots.
In these plots we take the logarithm of the
amplitude and plot it on linear frequency
scale.
For amplitude M(jw), if we express in terms of
decibel it becomes

) ( log 20 jw M
For system function



If we express the amplitude in terms of
decibels we have
| ) ( |
| ) ( |
| ) ( | ) (
) (
) (
) (
jw D
jw N
jw H jw M
s D
s N
s H
= =
=
| ) ( | log 20 | ) ( | log 20 ) ( log 20 jw D jw N jw M =
In factored from both N(s) and D(s) are made up
of 4 kinds of terms
1. Constant K
2. A root at origin, s
3. A simple real root, s-a
4. A complex set of roots,
To understand the nature of log-amplitude plots,
we only need to discuss the amplitude response
of these 4 terms.
If the term is on the numerator it carries positive
sign, if on denominator negative sign.
2 2 2
2 | o o + + + s s
1. Constant K
The dB gain or loss is

K2 is either positive |K|>1 or negative |K|<1.
The phase is either 0
0
for K>0, or 180
0
for K<0.

2
log 20 K K =
Single root at origin, s
The loss or gain of a single root at origin is

Thus the plot of magnitude in dB vs frequency
is a straight line with slope of 20 or -20.
20 when s is in the numerator.
-20 when s is in the denominator.
The phase is either 90
0
or -90
0
.
90
0
when s is in the numerator.
-90
0
when s is in the denominator.

w jw log 20 | | log 20 =
The factor s+
For convenience lets set =1. Then the
magnitude is

The phase is

A straight line approximation can be obtained
by examining the asymptotic behavior of the
factor jw+1.

( )
2
1
2
1 log 20 | 1 | log 20 + = + w jw
w jw
1
tan ) 1 arg(

= +
For w<<1, the low frequency asymptote is

For w>>1, the high frequency asymptote is

Which has a slope of
These 2 asymptotic approximations meet at w=1.

( ) dB w 0 1 log 20 1 log 20
2
1
2
= ~ +
( ) w w log 20 1 log 20
2
1
2
~ +
cade decibel/de log 20 w
Note that the maximum error is for w=1 or
for the non normalized one w=.
For the general case different from 1, we
normalize the term by dividing by .
The low frequency asymptote is

The high frequency asymptote is

dB
w
0 1 log 20 1 log 20
2
1
2
2
= ~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
o
o
o
log 20 log 20 1 log 20
2
1
2
2
~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ w
w
For complex conjugates
For complex conjugates it is convenient to
adopt a standard symbol.
We describe the pole (zero) in terms of
magnitude
0
and angle measured from the
negative real axis.
These parameters that describe the pole
(zero) are
0
, the undamped frequency of
oscillation, and , the damping factor.


If the pole (zero) pair is given as

and are related to
0
and with


Substituting these terms in the conjugate
equation
| o j p =
2 , 1
2
0 0
0 0
1 sin
cos
, e u e |
, e u e o
= =
= =
) )( (
2 1
p s p s
( )( )
( )
2
0 0
2
2
0 0
2
0 0
2
1 1 ) )( (
e , e
, e , e , e , e | o | o
+ + =
+ + + = + + +
jw w
j jw j jw j jw j jw
For
0
=1 (for convenience), the magnitude of
conjugate pairs can be expressed as

The phase is

( ) | |
2
1
2 2
2
2 2
4 1 log 20 2 1 log 20 w w w j w , , + = +
2
1
1
2 2
tan ) (
w
w

=

,
|
The asymptotic behavior is
For low frequency, w<<1

For high frequency, w>>1

which is a straight line with slope of 40dB/decade.
These 2 asymptotes meet at w=1.
( ) | | dB w w 0 1 log 20 4 1 log 20
2
1
2 2
2
2
= = + ,
( ) | | w w w log 40 4 1 log 20
2
1
2 2
2
2
= + ,
Example
Using Bode plot asymptotes, draw the
magnitude vs. frequency for the following
system function
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
1
10 10 * 16
1
50
1 . 0
) (
3 4
2
s s s
s
s G
Actual plot