Concepts of Networking

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Table of Content
Concept of networking Advantages of networking LAN, MAN , WAN

Concept of Internet , Intranet and extranet

Hardware Requirements for Network Modems, Multiplexers, Switches, Routers etc. Cables - Coaxial, Fiber Optic and others

Topology
Concept and Advantages and disadvantages of Star, Ring, Bus, Tree and Mesh. Protocols Concepts and types of Protocols ISO Model Internet Protocol Operating2012 November 29, Systems
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Concept of Networking
What is Network ??
In its simplest form, a network is at least two computers
desktops, laptops or one of each connected together with wireless or wired technologies. That's it. For example, let's say you've got a desktop and a laptop in your home or office. Here are your computers:

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Concept of Networking

Before Network

After Network

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WHY A COMPUTER NETWORK ? Distribute computation among nodes Coordination between processes running on different nodes Remote I/O Devices Remote Data/File Access Personal communications (e-mail, chat, A/V) World Wide Web ... and many other uses

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Advantages of Networking

Program & File Sharing (Software Packages License copies) Network Resources Sharing (Resources Printer, Plotters, Storage Devices etc.) Data Base Sharing (Redundancy, Integration, Integrity, Standardization) Economical Expansion of the PC Base (Adding inexpensive Diskless Workstations etc.)
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Advantages of Networking
Ability to use network software (Email, Groupware Users interact and coordinate activities) Centralized Management (Consolidation at the corporate level)

Security (Restrictions & Restricted Access to Resources

Access to more than one O. S. (More than one O.S. - Front end and Back end Enhancement of the Corporate Network (Can Change structure of the organization Physical, Logistically)
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Introduction To Networking
A network is simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are connected together, either physically or logically, using special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange information.

Networking is the processes of designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working with networks and network technologies.
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Purpose Of Networking
Share Hardware, Software & Data

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Purpose Of Networking
Mail Services Internet

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Classification Of Network

There are two major ways to classify a network:

The transmission technology
The size of the network

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Transmission Technologies
Simplex Transmission

Simplex transmission is a single one-way baseband transmission. It is also called unidirectional because the signal travels in only one direction. An example of simplex transmission is the signal sent from the cable TV station to the home television.
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Transmission Technologies
Half-Duplex Transmission

This means that only one side can transmit at a time. Two-way radios, such as Citizens Band (CB) and police/emergency communications mobile radios, work with halfduplex transmissions.

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Transmission Technologies
Full-Duplex Transmission

Traffic can travel in both directions at the same time. A regular telephone conversation is an example of full-duplex communication. Both parties can talk at the same time, and the person talking on the other end can still be heard by the other party while they are talking.
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Network Size
We can also classify networks based on their physical size. Different technologies may be used based on the size of the network. We can determine the type of network based on the physical distance that the network covers.
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Network Size
Interprocessor Distance Processors located in same

1m 10 m 100 m

Square Meter Room Building

Personal Area Network

Lan Area Network

1 km
10 km 100 km 1000 km

Campus
City Province Continent
Metropolitan Area Network

Wide Area Network

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Planet

The Internet
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HOW BIG ARE NETWORKS ?

Networks can be divided into three categories based on geographical area covered:

LANs : LOCAL AREA NETWORKS. MANs : METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS. WANs : WIDE AREA NETWORKS.
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TYPES OF NETWORKS
PEER TO PEER CLINET / SERVER NETWORK LAN WAN MAN INTERNET
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
In a peer-to-peer network, the networked computers act as equal partners, or peers, to each other. As peers, each computer can take on the client function or the server function alternately. Examples: kaaza, bit torrents etc.

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Client/Server Networks
In a client/server network arrangement, network services are located in a dedicated computer whose only function is to respond to the requests of clients. The server contains the file, print, application, security, and other services in a central computer that is continuously available to respond to client requests.
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Local-Area Networks (LANs)

A local-area network (LAN) can connect many computers in a relatively small geographical area such as a home, an office, or a campus. It allows users to access high bandwidth media like the Internet and allows users to share devices such as printers.
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Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) The network size falls intermediate between LANs and WANs. Metropolitan Area Networks or MANs are large computer networks usually spanning a campus or a city. Eg: ATMs

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Wide-Area Networks (WANs)

A WAN, as the name implies, is designed to work over a larger area than a LAN. A WAN uses point-to-point or point to multipoint, serial communications lines. Point-to-point lines connect only two locations, one on each side of the line. Point-to-multipoint lines connect one location on one side of the line to multiple locations on the other side. 24

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INTERNET
DATES BACK TO 1960s USES PACKETS SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY USES SPECIAL PURPOSE DEVICES
TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
POTS ISDN CABLE MODEM SATELLITE COMUNICATION 29, 2012 NovemberDSL

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Concept of Internet , Intranet and extranet

Internet This is the world-wide network of computers accessible to anyone who knows their Internet Protocol (IP) address - the IP address is a unique set of numbers (such as 209.33.27.100) that defines the computer's location Intranet This is a network that is not available to the world outside of the Intranet. If the Intranet network is connected to the Internet, the Intranet will reside behind a firewall and, if it allows access from the Internet, will be an Extranet. The firewall helps to control access between the Intranet and Internet to permit access to the Intranet only to people who are members of the same company or organization. Extranet An Extranet is actually an Intranet that is partially accessible to authorized outsiders. The actual server (the computer that serves up the web pages) will reside behind a firewall. The firewall helps to control access between the Intranet and Internet permitting access to the Intranet only to people who are suitably authorized.
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THE NETWORK TOPOLOGY

The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected.

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Main Types of Topologies

BUS OR LINEAR
STAR RING OR STAR WIRED RING MESH TREE
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BUS TOPOLOGY
A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.

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PROS & CONS OF BUS

PROS
Bus is easy to use and understand and inexpensive It is easy to extend a network

CONS
Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.
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STAR TOPOLOGY
A star topology links the computers by individual cables to a central unit, usually a hub.

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PROS AND CONS OF STAR

PROS
Easy to install and wire.
No disruptions to the network. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

cons
Requires more cable length than a linear topology. If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. More expensive than linear bus topologies.
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STAR WIRED TOPOLOGY

A star-wired ring topology may appear (externally) to be the same as a star topology. Internally, the MAU of a star-wired ring contains wiring that allows information to pass from one device to another in a circle or ring

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Topology

A DISADVANTAGE OF A TOKEN RING IS IF ONE COMPUTER IS BROKEN OR DOWN, THE MESSAGE CANNOT BE PASSED TO THE OTHER COMPUTERS.

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PROS & CONS OF STAR WIRED

PROS
One computer cannot monopolize the network. It continue to function after capacity is exceeded but the speed will be slow.

CONS
Failure of one computer can affect the whole network. It is difficult to troubleshoot. Adding and removing computers disrupts the network.
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MESH TOPOLOGY
In a mesh topology, each computer on network has redundant data paths. The mesh topology provides fault tolerance-if a component fails, data can travel along alternate path.

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PROS & CONS OF MESH

PROS
The load on any given access point is not as great as it would be with any other wired network. Very flexible in nature

CONS
Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult.
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TREE TOPOLOGY
A tree topology combines characteristic s of linear bus and star topologies.

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PROS & CONS OF TREE

PROS
Point-to-point wiring for individual segments

CONS
Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used. If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down. More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.
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Data Transmission
Successful transmission of data depends on:
The quality of the signal being transmitted Characteristics of the transmission medium

Data rate bits per second in data communications Bandwidth bandwidth or signal is constrained by the transmitter and the nature of the transmission in cycles per second or hertz Noise Average level of noise over the communication path. Error rate rate at which errors occur where error in 1 or 0 bit occurs
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Basic transmission medium concepts

Medium

twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber

Guided

satellite, laser, and wireless transmissions

Unguided

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Twisted Pair Cables

Twisted-pair is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications and most modern Ethernet networks. A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are twisted to provide protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent pairs. There are two basic types, shielded twisted-pair (STP) and unshielded twisted-pair (UTP).

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Coaxial cable (1)

Widely installed for use in business and corporation Ethernet and other types of LANs.

Physical Descriptions:
Inner conductor is solid copper metal Separated by insulating material Outer conductor is braided shielded (ground) Covered by sheath material

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Optical Fibers

Fiber-optic cable is a networking medium capable of conducting modulated light transmissions. Fiber-optic refers to cabling that has a core of strands of glass or plastic (instead of copper), through which light pulses carry signals. Signals that represent data are converted into beams of light.
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Wireless Transmission
If the cost of running cables is too high or computers need to be movable without being tethered to cables, wireless is an alternative method of connecting a LAN. Wireless networks use radio frequency (RF), laser, infrared (IR), and satellite/microwaves to carry signals from one computer to another without a permanent cable connection.

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COMMON NETWORKING DEVICES

A HUB is a device that

is used to extend a wire to allow more devices to communicate with each other.

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HUB

A hub is a device used to connect a PC to the network. The function of a hub is to direct information around the network and facilitating communication between all connected devices. A hub joins multiple computers (or other network devices) together to form a single network segment. On this network segment, all computers can communicate directly with each other.

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MODEMS

An electronic device used for computer communications and Allows data transfer. A modem does for computers what a telephone does for humans. Just as a telephone set allows two humans to speak to one another over telephone wires, a modem allows two computers to speak to each other over telephone wires.

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Token Ring Cards : Token Ring cards generally have a nine pin DIN type connector to attach the card to the network cable. Switch A device that is use to extend a wire to allow more devices to communicate with each other Electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one device to another Memorize addressing of computers and send the information to the correct location
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Usually configured with 8, 12, or 24 RJ-45 ports Often used in a star or star-wired ring topology Sold with specialized software for port management Also called hubs Usually installed in a standardized metal rack that also may store netmodems, bridges, or routers
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Repeaters The repeater electrically amplifies the signal it receives and rebroadcasts it It retimes and regenerates the signals to proper amplitudes and sends them to the other segments. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a propagation delay which can affect network communication

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Bridges To segment a large network into two smaller, more efficient networks. Connects 2 networks with different Topologies A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can pass packets of information to the correct location The bridge is like a traffic cop at a busy intersection during rush hour A bridge reads the outermost section of data on the data packet, to tell where the message is going

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Routers

A router translates information from one network to another; Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the destination address and origin. It is similar to a super intelligent bridge Direct signal traffic efficiently Route messages between any two protocols/Topologies. Route messages between linear bus, star, and star-wired ring topologies Route messages across fiber optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling

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Protocols
A protocol is a formalized set of procedural rules for the exchange of information and for the interactions among the network's interconnected nodes. A network software developer implements these rules in software modules that carry out the functions specified by the protocol. Whereas a router can connect networks only if they use the same protocol and address format, a gateway converts addresses and protocols to connect dissimilar networks.

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WHY DO I NEED A STANDARD ?

Many types of connection media : telephone lines, optical fibers, cables, radios, etc. Many different types of machines and operating systems Many different network applications
need for a STANDARD in communication technology:
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WHAT STANDARD MEANS ?

Agreements must be at many levels ... How many volts pulse is a 0 and 1 ? How to determine the end of a message ? How to handle lost messages ? How many bits for different data types ? Integers/Strings, etc.; are ASCII chars ? How machines are identified ? How to find the way to reach a machine ? How applications speaks together through the network ?
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THE ISO/OSI MODEL

ISO (the International Organization for Standardisation) has developed a standard model for communications, called the

OSI Model
(Open Systems Interface Model)
MODEL = Its only theory! In fact is not yet implemented. OPEN SYSTEM means that it can communicate with any other system that follows the specified standards, formats and semantics. PROTOCOLS give the rules that specify how the different parties may communicate. There are two general types of protocols: connection-oriented connectionless
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OSI Model Overview contd

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The Layers at Work

NODE A Sending Device Layer 7 Application Layer Layer 6 Presentation Layer Layer 5 Session Layer Layer 4 Transport Layer Layer 3 Network Layer Layer 2 Data Link Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Supports the communication between applications over the network Presents data to the receiver in a form it recognises Establishes a connection and terminates it when no longer required Acknowledges the flow of data including re-transmission where required Adds the appropriate network addresses to packets

NODE B Receiving Device Layer 7 Application Layer Layer 6 Presentation Layer Layer 5 Session Layer Layer 4 Transport Layer Layer 3 Network Layer Layer 2 Data Link Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

Adds the MAC addresses to packets

Transmits the data on the medium

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Standard Protocols
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol -Internet Protocol IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol FTP - File Transfer Protocol SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol UDP - User Datagram Protocol http - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

APPLICATIONS
Marketing and Sales Financial services Manufacturing Electronic messaging Information services Teleconferencing Others

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