Submitted by:Group-6 MUKESH YADAV (2010UEC210) OM PRAKASH MALI (2010UEC211) VIKRAM BHATI (2010UEC212)

Introduction
Under the simplest conditions, a medium can carry only one signal at any moment in time.

For multiple signals to share one medium, the medium must somehow be divided, giving each signal a portion of the total bandwidth. Optical Multiplexing (MUX) & De-multiplexing (DEMUX) allows for sending multiple signals through a single medium as well as for Bidirectional use of that medium.

Multiplexing
Multiplexing

a process where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium
Time division multiplexing Frequency division multiplexing
code division multiplexing (CDM) CDM is a mathematical approach used in cell phone mechanisms.

Types

Optically
Optical Time division multiplexing
Based on Time-Division Multiplexing Based on Frequency-Division Multiplexing of radio waves

Wavelength division multiplexing

Multiplexing
Multiplexor (MUX) Demultiplexor (DEMUX) Sometimes just called a MUX (multiplexer). Two or more simultaneous transmissions on a single

circuit. Multiplexing costs less.

How does it work??

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Assignment of non-overlapping frequency ranges to each user or signal on a medium. Thus, all signals are transmitted at the same time, each using different frequencies.

A multiplexor accepts inputs and assigns frequencies to each device.

All signals are sent simultaneously, each assigned its own frequency. Using filters all signals can be retrieved.

Frequency Division Multiplexing

The multiplexor is attached to a high-speed communications line. A corresponding multiplexor, or demultiplexor, is on the end of the high-speed line and separates the multiplexed signals.

In FDM signals to be transmitted must be analog signals. Thus digital signals need to be converted to analog form, if they are to use FDM. FDM is used for FM & AM radio broadcasting. Each AM & FM radio stations uses a different carries frequency .

Applications of FDM

FDM is used in television & , cable television broadcasting.

First generation AMPS cellular telephone systems also uses FDM.

This technique is the oldest multiplexing technique.

Since it involves analog signaling, it is more susceptible to noise.
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Time Division Multiplexing

Total time available in the channel is divided between several user TDM is a digital multiplexing technique (Digital signaling is used) In TDM, the channels is not divided on the basis of frequency but on the basic of time.

TDM
Each time is allotted a particular a time interval called time slot during which the data is transmitted by that user. Each sending device takes control of entire bandwidth .

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Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

The original time division multiplexing. The multiplexor accepts input from attached devices in a roundrobin fashion and transmit the data in a never ending pattern. T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common examples of synchronous time division multiplexing.

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Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

If one device generates data at a faster rate than other devices, then the multiplexor must either sample the incoming data stream from that device more often than it samples the other devices, or buffer the faster incoming stream. If a device has nothing to transmit, the multiplexor must still insert a piece of data from that device into the multiplexed stream.

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Synchronous TDM
Three types popular today: T-1 multiplexing (the classic)

ISDN multiplexing
SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork)
Accepts the incoming data streams and creates a frame containing only the data to be transmitted Good for low bandwidth lines Transmits only data from active workstations Example: used for LANs

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Statistical /Asynchronous TDM

A statistical multiplexor transmits only the data from active workstations (or why work when you dont have to). If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted on the multiplexed stream. A statistical multiplexor accepts the incoming data streams and creates a frame containing only the data to be transmitted. Multiplexer does not allots same time slot to each device at all time . Time slots are flexible and not fixed and predefined. If there are n input lines then there are m slots perform. m is less than n.
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Statistical /Asynchronous TDM

Asynchronous TDM give guarantee that full capacity of link is used . The no of time slot in a frame is always based on statistical analysis of no of input devices.

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Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

A statistical multiplexor does not require a line over as high a speed line as synchronous time division multiplexing since STDM does not assume all sources will transmit all of the time! Good for low bandwidth lines (used for LANs)

Much more efficient use of bandwidth!

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Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM)

OTDM is accomplished by creating phase delays each signal together but with differing phase delays.

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing

WDM is the analog multiplexing technique.WDM is

conceptually similar to FDM, in sense that it combines different signals of different signals of different frequencies into single composite signal and transmit it on a single link. In WDM the different signals are optical or light signals that are transmitted through optical fiber. Wavelength goes up down and vice-verse. In WDM various waves from different sources are combined to form composite light signal that is transmitted across the channels to the different receiver. At the receiver side, this composite light signal is broken into different light waves by demultiplexer. This combines and splitting of light waves is not by using a prism.
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing

One prism is used at the sender side to perform multiplexing

and another prism is used at receiver side that perform demultiplexing. The basic principal behind the usage of prism is that ,the prism bends a beam of light based on the angle of incidence and the frequency of light wave.

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WDM Multiplexers/Demultiplexers
Wavelength multiplexer types include:

Fiber couplers

Grating multiplexers

Wavelength demultiplexer types include:

Single mode fused taper couplers

Grating demultiplexers
Tunable filters l1 + l2
l1 l2

Grin Rod Lens

Grating Multiplexer Demultiplex er

Grating

Fibers

Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
WDM sends information through a single optical Fiber using light of different wavelengths simultaneously. WDM is the combining of light by using different wavelengths Give each message a different wavelength (frequency) Easy to do with fiber optics and optical sources

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WDM Overview
Wavelength Division Multiplexer Wavelength Division Demultiplexer

A B

l 1

Fiber
l1 + l2
l 1 l 2 X

l 2

Multiple channels of information carried over the same fiber, each using an individual wavelength A communicates with X and B with Y as if a dedicated fiber is used for each signal (if A & B only then WDM) Typically one channel utilizes 1320 nm and the other 1550 nm. (if signal is more then 2 then DWDM) Broad channel spacing, several hundred nm .2 Recently WDM has become known as Coarse WDM or CWDM to distinguish it from DWDM

Multiple channels of information carried over the same fiber , each using an individual wavelength Attractive multiplexing technique

High aggregate bit rate without high speed electronics or modulation Low dispersion penalty for aggregate bit rate Very useful for upgrades to installed fibers Realizable using commercial components, unlike OTDM

Loss, crosstalk and non-linear effects are potential problems

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Dense wavelength division multiplexing multiplexes multiple data streams onto a single fiber optic line. Different wavelength lasers (called lambdas) transmit the multiple signals. Each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted at a different rate from the other signals. Dense wavelength division multiplexing combines many (30, 40, 50, 60, more?) onto one fiber.

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Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Wavelength Division Multiplexer

T1 T2

l1 l2

Fiber
l1 + l2 ... lN

Wavelength Division Demultiplexer

l1 l 2 l N

R 1 R 2 RN

TN

l N

Multiple channels of information carried over the same fiber, each using an individual wavelength. Transmitter T1 communicates with Receiver R1 as if connected by a dedicated fiber as does T2 and R2 and so on Dense WDM is WDM utilizing closely spaced channels

Channel spacing reduced to 1.6 nm and less

Cost effective way of increasing capacity without replacing fiber Commercial systems available with capacities of 32 channels and upwards; > 80 Gb/s per fiber

DWDM System
DWDM Multiplexer Optical fiber Receivers

Power Amp Transmitters

Line Amp

Line Amp

Receive Preamp DWDM DeMultiplexe r

200 km

Each wavelength behaves as if it has it own "virtual fiber" Optical amplifiers needed to overcome losses in mux/demux and long fiber spans

DWDM Advantages
Greater fiber capacity Easier network expansion

No new fiber needed Just add a new wavelength Incremental cost for a new channel is low No need to replace many components such as optical amplifiers

DWDM systems capable of longer span lengths

TDM approach using STM-64 is more costly and more susceptible to chromatic and polarization mode dispersion

Can move to STM-64 when economics improve

DWDM Disadvantages
Not cost-effective for low channel numbers

Fixed cost of mux/demux, transponder, other system components

Introduces another element, the frequency domain, to network design and management

SONET/SDH network management systems not well equipped to handle DWDM topologies
DWDM performance monitoring and protection methodologies developing

Applications of WDM
Several light carriers (different s) in the same fiber

Scalabitity
Usually in C band (1530-1565 nm) EDFAs Transparent: no conversions, no formatting Inexpensive WDM uses optical devices Fiber capacity is dramatically increased WDM is used in SONET(Synchronous Optical

Network).It makes use of multiple optical fiber lines which are multiplexed & demultiplexed.

Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

Old but now new method
Also known as code division multiple access (CDMA) An advanced technique that allows multiple devices to transmit on the same frequencies at the same time using different codes Used for mobile communications

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Code Division Multiplexing

oAn advanced technique that allows multiple devices to transmit on the same frequencies at the same time. oEach mobile device is assigned a unique 64-bit code (chip spreading code) oTo send a binary 1, mobile device transmits the unique code oTo send a binary 0, mobile device transmits the inverse of code Receiver gets summed signal, multiplies it by receiver code, adds up the resulting values

Interprets as a binary 1 if sum is near +64

Interprets as a binary 0 if sum is near 64
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Multiplexing techniques

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WDM /OTDM (Optical Time DomainMultiplexing)

OTDM: Technology limits speed limits capacity WDM: More s more capacity Longer distances between repeaters Easier add and drop Cheaper

Thank you very much..!!

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