Equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions (Fig.

B1)

Equilibrium condition
Equilibrium condition (in equilibrium diagram) ferrite(), cementite(Fe3C) Equilibrium condition (in general meaning) ferrite(), cementite(Fe3C) grain size of distribution of cementite(shape, size and number)

Important factors affecting the microstructure

a) Material Chemical compositions b) Thermal history mainly Cooling rate

Non-equilibrium condition

variety of microstructure ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite etc.

B-1

Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram (TTT diagram) (Fig.B2)

Austenite
Coarse pearlite Temperature Fine pearlite

Eutectoid steel

Upper bainite

Temperature

Lower bainite

mass % of Carbon Martensite

time
B-2

(Fig.B3)
Temperature Hypo- and HyperEutectoid steel Hypo-eutectoid steel

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Hyper-eutectoid steel

mass % of Carbon

Time

B-3

TTT CCT (Fig.B4)

800

Ps temperature
600

Pf

v1 v2

Temperature

V1, v2 400

Ms
200
v3 VII VI

v4 VII

v3

VI

M: martensite T: troostite P: pearlite

M+T
1 10

time M
0 10-1

coarse P
102

fine

Time

103

104

B-4

Microstructure of weld metal cooled with low cooling rate (Fig.B5)

Temperature

Time sec

A1 720

a2 630

a3 580

a4 480

a5 room temp.

B-5

Microstructure of weld metal cooled with medium cooling rate (Fig.B6)

Temperature

Time sec

b1 660

b2 602

b3 577

b4 540

b5 320

B-6

Microstructure of weld metal cooled with rapid cooling rate (Fig.B7)

Temperature

Time sec

c1 578

c2 533

c3 497

c4 410

c5 370

B-7

Microstructure of weld metal cooled with various cooling rate (Fig.B8)

Temperature

Time sec

R-2 F70% P30%

R-4 F77% P23%

R-7 Zw97% M 3%

R-8 Zw96% M 4%

R-9 Zw94% M 6%

R-12 Zw83% M 17%

B-8

Transformation of austenite (Fig.B9)

Weld metal Heat affected zone

grain boundary Fine(small) columnar austenite grain Coarse(large) polygonal austenite grain

Temperature

bulk carbon content of the steel Start of precipitation of proeutectoid ferrite probably at austenite grain boundary

Temperature

800 700 600

mass % of Carbon

900

0.2

0.4

mass % of Carbon

0.6

0.8

1.0

B-9

Sites for nucleation of ferrite (Fig.B10)

0.12C-0.31Si-0.88Mn-0.033Ti-0.036O

Precipitation of ferrite

Precipitation of acicular ferrite

750

660
Optical microscope

565

cooling down to room temperature

Electron microscope

B-10

Effect of oxygen content on microstructure of Si-Mn-Ti-B weld metal (Fig.B11)

Oxygen content

60ppm

270ppm

440ppm

B-11

Morphology of ferrite formation and growth (Fig.B12)

high temperature Slow cooling Precipitation from austenite grain boundary Precipitation in austenite grain Rapid cooling Precipitation from austenite grain boundary low temperature Growth of massive Ferrite to secondary Ferrite sawteeth and side-plate Growth of Ferrite sawteeth to secondary Ferrite sideplate Intragranular Rodlike ferrite Intragranular plate Ferrite Allotriomorph
Ferrite Allotriomorph with ragged interface

Ferrite Allotriomorph

massive ferrite

ferrite sawteeth

Ferrite Sawteeth

Growth of ferrite Allotriomorph to secondary ferrite Side-plate Growth of ferrite Sawteeth to secobdary Ferrite sideplate

ferrite sawteeth Precipitation in austenite grain Precipitation in austenite grain

growth of ferrite sawteeth to secondary ferrite side-plate

Intragranular Acicular ferrite Intragranular plate Intragranular Polygonal ferrite

B-12

Classification of microstructure in Heat Affected Zone (Fig.B13)

Grain boundary ferrite Ferrite allotriomorph Grain boundary polygonal ferrite Ferrite side plate Bainitic ferrite Intragranular ferrite Intragranular acicular ferrite Intragranular polygonal ferrite Pearlite Pearlite Lameller pearlite Degenerated pearlite

GBF FA GPF FSP BF IF IAF IPF

Ferrite

FA

GPF

FSP

IAF

IPF

Ferrite

Pearlite

LP

DP

FP

O.M.

E.M.

O.M.

E.M.

O.M.

E.M.

P LP DP

Bainite

UB

LB

Fine colony pearlite

Bainite Upper bainite Lower bainite Martensite Lath martensite M-A constituent

FP
UB LB LM MA
O.M. E.M. O.M. E.M.

Martensite

LM

MA

O.M.

E.M.

B-13

Example of ferrite and pearlite morphology (Fig.B14)

B-14

Example of bainite and martensite morphology (Fig.B15)

Bainite

Martensite

B-15