Course: Microwave Communication System Design (EE-874), Fall 2012 Book: Radio System Design for Telecommunication, 3rd

Edition, by Roger Freeman Class: MS(EE)

Lecture-9: LINE OF SIGHT (LOS) MICROWAVE RADIO LINKS (CONTD)

Instructor: Dr. Munir A. Tarar munir.tarar@seecs.edu.pk
Department of Electrical Engineering, NUST-SEECS Islamabad

OUTLINE
Path Analysis Pre-emphesis / De-emphesis FM Improvement Threshold Fading Estimation of Fade Margin Mitigation of Fading Effects Analysis of Noise on a FM Radio-link Frequency Assignment, Compatibility, Frequency Plan

Path Analysis
The path analysis or link power budget task provides the designer with the necessary equipment parameters to prepare a block diagram of the terminal or repeater configuration and to specify equipment requirements both quantitatively and qualitatively.(analog radio links in this chapter) Being analog LOS links, Noise and S/N only are the task outputs in the standard voice channel or video channel We also assume here that the modulation waveform is conventional FM.

Path Analysis Objective and Scope

This section will provide us with the tools to derive antenna aperture, receiver front end characteristics, FM deviation, IF/RF bandwidth, transmitter output power, diversity arrangements if any , and link availability due to propagation. The use of NPR (noise power ratio) as a tool to measure link noise performance will be described. The analysis described in this chapter is valid for radio-links in the 1-10-GHz band.

Unfaded Signal Level at the Receiver

Simplified model, radiolink path analysis. Lt and Lr are the transmission line losses; Gt and Gr are the antenna gains.

Unfaded Signal Level at the Receiver

Unfaded Carrier to Noise Ratio for a Receiver

Objective and Basic Calculation To calculate the unfaded carrier-to-noise ratio C/N

where Pt is the receiver thermal noise threshold. Note that RSL and Pt must be in the same units, conventionally in dBm or dBW.

Receiver Thermal Noise Threshold

Law of Boltzmann and Maxwell states that the available power per unit bandwidth of a thermal noise source is:

For a bandwidth of BW Hz

Or

Receiver Thermal Noise Threshold

Example 8 and 9

Practical Applications

Simple but Mixer Noise Figure is 8-10dB In practice LNA (NF of 0.5 tot 2dB) is used in front to reduce the overall noise figure of the receiving system

Calculation of IF Bandwidth
The IF of a FM receiver must accommodate the RF bandwidth, which consists of the total peak deviation spread and a number of generated sidebands. The IF bandwidth can be estimated from Carsons rule,

where BIF is the peak frequency deviation and Fm is the highest modulating frequency given in the middle column of Table 2.5 of the text book.

Pre-emphesis / De-emphesis
After demodulation in a FM system, thermal noise power in some texts called idle noise is minimum for a given signal at the lowest demodulated baseband frequency and increases at about 6 dB per octave as the baseband frequency increases. This effect is shown in Figure, which compares thermal noise in an AM system with that in a FM system. Example 12

Pre-emphesis / De-emphesis
FM baseband signal at the Tx is amplified gradually towards the outer edges of the band. When received, the demodulated signal including noise is attenuated towards the outer edges of the band to revert the corresponding amplification done at the Tx. This results in, at the output of the Rx, a constant S/N ratio.

Calculation of Antenna Gain

From book EXAMPLES 13 AND 14

Fading in LOS links

Fading: The variation with time of the intensity or relative phase, or both, of any of the frequency components of a received radio signal due to changes in the characteristics of the propagation path with time. Estimation of Fade Margin, (book)

Mitigation of Fading Effects

Frequency Diversity SPACE DIVERSITY

Sources of Noise in a Radiolink

FM Improvement Threshold
FM is wasteful of bandwidth when compared to AM-SSB Benefit: bandwidth is compensated for by an improvement in thermal noise power Benefit: Thermal noise is spread at broader bandwidth

IM noise
Up to this point we have dealt only with thermal noise in a radiolink. In an operational analog radiolink a second type of noise can be equally important. This is intermodulation IM noise.

Calculation of Thermal Noise

S RSL N (2ktbF)( f ) 2 fc
S is the demodulated signal f the channel test tone peak deviation (Table 2.4)

Frequency Assignment, Compatibility, Frequency Plan

ITU REGULATIONS FAB REGULATIONS EMC/EMI LIMITATIONS