R K Jain

CO2 emission responsible for global warming Development process to go unhalted .

Ways and means to be found for controlling and abating CO2.

Energy efficient technologies, energy

conservation , reduction in T&D losses to help CO2 emission. Ultimate solution may lie in CO2 capture and storage (CCS) which can stabilize CO2 concentration at 450 or 550 ppm. CCS as potential of reducing emission by 85% or more by 2050.

CO2 capture and storage system

Fuels Processes Transport Storage options

Post combustion - CO2 separation from flue gases by chemical absorption with

monoethanolamine (chilled ammonia process under development). Pre Combustion - CO2 separation in reformer after gasification of fuel (sorbents used for separation). OxyFuel -Separating O2 and N2 from air and using O2 to burn fuel.

Ocean Storage (~nearly 1000 GtCO2

potential depending on environmental constrains) Geological storage (potential 2000 GtCO2).This can enable enhanced oil or gas recovery. Deep saline aquifers (potential 5-500 billion tCO2 ).Appears to be best long term solution. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs (good sites because of proven caprock).

CCS: geological storage potential

Capture Efficiency Net CO2 reduction Additional Energy use

- 85-95% - 80-90% -10-40%

Canada Algeria Norway Nether Land USA

Planned storage (MtCO2) 20 17 20 8 0.0016

For pulverized Coal Plants cost of CCS could vary between 61 to 99 US$/MWhr whereas cost of carbon mitigation could vary between 30 to 70 US$/ CO2 avoided Cost of Capture 15-75% US$/tCO2 Cost of Transportation for 250 km 1-8 US$/t CO2 Geological Storage 0.5 -8 US$/tCO2 injected Ocean storage 5-30 US$/tCO2 injected Cost of coal fired plant could increase by around 25% with adoption of CCS.

Cost of Electricity (US$/ MWh )

100 80 60 40 20 0 0

New Plants with Capture

Pulverized Coal Combustion (PC) Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC)

New Gas and Coal Plants without Capture

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

CO2 emission factor (tCO2/MWh)

Lack of real Data

Appropriate Site selection for geological storage. Monitoring program to detect problems. Remedial methods to stop CO2 releases Important to evaluate potential for seepage

based on site characteristics

It is estimated that fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reserves may be more than 99% over 1000 years
Release is estimated to be gradual over hundreds of years

Technical issues
Scale up of technology for CO2 separation.

Efficiency improvements in compression of CO2.

Chances of leakage of stored CO2 Damages on account of leakage of CO2

Economic Issues
More detail assessments needed to improve equipment design and cost

estimates.

Legal Issues
Property rights to underground space for storage Legal considerations for potential CO2 leak

Regulatory Issues
Building a regulatory framework for CCS needed.