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c
cy
V
y
( )
c
cz
V
z
( )
= 0
Mass In - Mass Out = Change in Storage
V
x
+
c
cx
V
x
( )
V
x
z
y
Derivation of 3-D GW Flow
Equation from Darcys Law
c
cx
K
x
ch
cx
|
\
|
.
|
+
c
cy
K
y
ch
cy
|
\
|
.
|
+
c
cz
K
z
ch
cz
|
\
|
.
|
= 0
Replace V
x
, V
y
, and V
z
with Darcy using K
x
, K
y
, and K
z
Divide out constant , and assume K
x
= K
y
= K
z
=
K
c
2
h
cx
2
+
c
2
h
cy
2
+
c
2
h
cz
2
= 0
V
2
h = 0 called Laplace Eqn.
Transient Saturated Flow
c
cx
K
x
ch
cx
|
\
|
.
|
+
c
cy
K
y
ch
cy
|
\
|
.
|
+
c
cz
K
z
ch
cz
|
\
|
.
|
= S
s
ch
ct
c
cx
V
x
( )
c
cy
V
y
( )
c
cz
V
z
( )
=
c
ct
n
( )
A change in h will produce change in and n, replaced
with specific storage S
s
= g(o + nB). Note, o is
the compressibility of aquifer and B is comp of water,
therefore,
Solutions to GW Flow Eqns.
c
2
h
cx
2
+
c
2
h
cy
2
+
c
2
h
cz
2
= 0
V
2
h = 0 called Laplace Eqn.
Solutions for only a few simple problems can be
obtained directly - generally need to apply numerical
methods to address complex boundary conditions.
h
0
h
1
Transient Saturated Flow
c
cx
ch
cx
|
\
|
.
|
+
c
cy
ch
cy
|
\
|
.
|
+
c
cz
ch
cz
|
\
|
.
|
=
S
s
K
ch
ct
Simplifying by assuming K = constant in all dimensions
And assuming that S = S
s
b, and that T = Kb yields
c
2
h
cx
2
+
c
2
h
cy
2
+
c
2
h
cz
2
=
S
s
K
ch
ct
V
2
h =
S
T
ch
ct
from Jacob,Theis
Steady State Flow to Well
Simplifying by assuming K = constant in all dimensions
and assuming that Transmissivity T = Kb and
Q = flow rate to well at point (x,y) yields
c
2
h
cx
2
+
c
2
h
cy
2
=
Q x, y
( )
T
Example of Darcys Law
A confined aquifer has a source of recharge.
K for the aquifer is 50 m/day, and n is 0.2.
The piezometric head in two wells 1000 m
apart is 55 m and 50 m respectively, from a
common datum.
The average thickness of the aquifer is 30
m, and the average width of aquifer is 5 km.
Compute:
a) the rate of flow through the aquifer
(b) the average time of travel from the head of the
aquifer to a point 4 km downstream
*assume no dispersion or diffusion
The solution
Cross-Sectional area=
30(5)(1000) = 15 x 10
4
m
2
Hydraulic gradient =
(55-50)/1000 = 5 x 10
-3
Rate of Flow for K = 50 m/day
Q = (50 m/day) (75 x 10
1
m
2
)
= 37,500 m
3
/day
Darcy Velocity:
V = Q/A = (37,500m
3
/day) / (15
x 10
4
m
2
) = 0.25m/day
And
Seepage Velocity:
V
s
= V/n = (0.25) / (0.2) =
1.25 m/day (about 4.1 ft/day)
Time to travel 4 km downstream:
T = 4(1000m) / (1.25m/day) =
3200 days or 8.77 years
This example shows that water moves
very slowly underground.
Limitations of the
Darcian Approach
1. For Reynolds Number, Re, > 10 or where the flow
is turbulent, as in the immediate vicinity of pumped
wells.
2. Where water flows through extremely fine-grained
materials (colloidal clay)
Darcys Law:
Example 2
A channel runs almost parallel to a river, and they
are 2000 ft apart.
The water level in the river is at an elevation of 120
ft and 110ft in the channel.
A pervious formation averaging 30 ft thick and with
K of 0.25 ft/hr joins them.
Determine the rate of seepage or flow from the
river to the channel.
Confined Aquifer
Confining Layer
Aquifer
30 ft
Example 2
Consider a 1-ft length of river (and channel).
Q = KA [(h
1
h
2
) / L]
Where:
A = (30 x 1) = 30 ft
2
K = (0.25 ft/hr) (24 hr/day) = 6 ft/day
Therefore,
Q = [6 (30) (120 110)] / 2000
= 0.9 ft
3
/day/ft length = 0.9 ft
2
/day
Permeameters
Constant Head Falling Head
Constant head Permeameter
Apply Darcys Law to find K:
V/t = Q = KA(h/L)
or:
K = (VL) / (Ath)
Where:
V = volume flowing in time t
A = cross-sectional area of the sample
L = length of sample
h = constant head
t = time of flow