CHAPTER 2

RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING AND PROBLEM ANALYSIS

CHAPTER CONTENTS:

Section 1. Problem Analysis

Section 2. Definition And Classification Of Rational Decision-making

Section 3. Steps For Rational Decision-making Section 4. How To Make Decisions Section 5. Other Important Tools For Decision-making Section 6. Analysis Of Potential Problems

SECTION 1 PROBLEM ANALYSIS

(2.1) Managerial wisdom: Make decisions after windy understanding

Tang Bohu, in Ming Dynasty, has extraordinary literary talent. One day, a moneybags, whose house faces that of Tang Bohu and whose mother is celebrated her seventieth birthday, requests Tang Bohu to inscribe a poem for her. Tang takes the pen and writes without thinking: The opposite old woman is not a person. The moneybags is shocked and changed color immediately. Tang continues to write: Just as Buddha of Nanshan Guanyin. The moneybags heaves a sigh of relief. Then the third sentence says Two sons are thieves. At once the moneybags goes back to dark. Tang further writes, Steal divine peach to dedicate to mother. The moneybags is delighted and expresses his thanks and leaves.
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REMARK

What is called predetermination? What is called quoting ones words out of context? What is called taking a part for the whole? That is to say that one makes decisions before knowing about the matters. Before enterprise managers make decisions, they must think comprehensively and think over the causes and effects. Quote ones words out of context and take a part for the whole can result in crisis for enterprise. When manager makes decisions which are relate to the future of enterprise. Therefore, it must be careful.

(2.2) MANAGERIAL WISDOM : PRINCIPLE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM AND NOT TO FIND THE OTHER PROBLEMS

A couple of squirrels live in the forest. They hoard a lot of food as the necessities of winter.
They collects lots of nuts together and fully piles up in their small nest of love. After some days of sunshine, the nuts dehydrate and become smaller due to the shining of sun. When the male squirrel sees the nuts become fewer after collecting nuts for several days in distant places, he says to the female squirrel. We have been collecting nuts to hoard here so hard to be ready for cold winter, why are you so greedy?
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(2.2) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

The female squirrel answers, I did not eat at all! The male squirrel dissatisfiedly says, The nuts become fewer! Why do you not admit if you have eaten? Because receiving the innocent accusation, the female squirrel answers with vibrating voice, I did not eat at all! The male squirrel became mad after hearing this, then he grasps the nuts and throws at the female squirrel, viciously saying, If you want to eat, I will let you eat enough! The female squirrel leaves the tree hole sadly when she is astonished, frightened and helpless. A few days have passed, there is a heavy rain and nuts are expanded due to the moisture. She tree hole is full of nuts again. By now the male squirrel has known that he mistook the female squirrel, but it is too late!
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REMARK

Trust is the basis for getting on well with each other and suspicion is the crime culprit of problem.
Before correcting the problem, you must think over (at least re-think), then speak it out. You are to Solve the problem not to Find the problems of others! It aims at the matters but not the person. When there is an accident, the couple become estranged and friends have disputes. It is common that the non-rational manner of find the problems of others is thought but not the rational manner of solve the problem.

(2.3) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: PRINCIPLE OF ONE

THING SETTLED ONCE

When there are problems, disputes or doubts, solve one thing first and study the causes and its solutions aiming at the thing.

Do not link many different things together at the same time.

Simplicity is a kind of wisdom. It can bring focus.

Simplify the complicated things, then one may have power. Make things simpler and adopt the principle of one thing settled once.

REMARK

One thing settled at a time is a set of utilitarian and usable measures to substitute when managing and dealing with affairs.
Deal

with one thing once.

When

you see a woman hysterically shouting and cursing in public, she links the things of the past and present those completely irrelevant things (money, families of both sides, 40 making friends and jobs) together closely.
Just

as stir sugar with salt, if sauce, pepper and vinegar are added, then the quality and application volume of sugar are difficult to judge.

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REMARK CONT.
If the politician nowadays can achieve principle of one thing settled once, then the disordered circumstances of the society can be greatly reduced.

The

managers can take advantage of the principle of one thing settled once and can simplify the complicated things.
While

successful people will eventually find that all the successful people apply this principle.
There

is another principle of one example used for many times.

If If If

there is an example for one thing, unite applicability should be thought. the example is applied, then it will be endless. an employee comes to work late and leaves early, but he is not punished. Besides, if the salary of employees who require salary increase are raised, and if others follow, then it becomes a thing without end.

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(2.4 )MANAGERIAL WISDOM: FIND OUT THE TRUE

CAUSE OF PROBLEM

The car of author can drive for about 500 km each time after the fuel oil tank is filled. For some time, the car can only travel for about 300 km after the gasoline tank is filled. After replacing spark plug carburetor and overhauling the engine, there is no improvement. Finally the odometer is found onkus and the problem can be solved after changing another odometer. Once the authors skin itching and see many famous doctors of Dermatological Department in the northern, central and southern Taiwan. It has not been cured for three years and the doctors also fail to find out its cause. Eventually, a pharmacist in drug store says that it is Tinea, not caused by allergies, poor immunity or infection. Use drugs of anti-fungal, and his disease is controlled quickly.

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REMARK

The inputs without finding the causes are useless work, hit where it hits and if the key is not grasped, sparing no efforts on the details is a way of waste time, energy and money. Labels on the vending machines says administrator does not live in the vending machine.

For failures of machine, fiercely beating (kicking) the vending machine cannot solve the problem, a satisfactory result can be given by calling the phone on the vending machine.

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1.1 WARNING SIGNAL OF THE SYMPTOMS OF

PROBLEM

Deviate from the past performance

the fact is dissatisfactory

Deviate from the plan

budget cannot be reached

Criticism from outside

external alertness

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(2.5) Managerial wisdom:

MEMORIZING THE ANSWERS WITHOUT APPLYING PROPERLY DOES NOT MEAN ONE HAS THE CAPABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

Henry Ford, American motorcar magnate, receives only six years of school education. During the First World War, there was a newspaper office whose political views conflicted with that of Ford. The newspaper office sternly criticized Ford as Ignorant Pacifists. Thus Ford sued the newspaper for libel. Therefore, a lawsuit was going on. In court, lawyers representing the newspaper office put forward many intellectual questions, such as who is Benedict Anode? How many troops are sent to by United Kingdom suppress the rebellion in American in 1776? These questions were used to prove that Ford was ignorant.
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(2.5) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

Ford could not answer most of the problems and felt extremely tired. When he was asked a very rude question, he could not bear any more and said, Listen, let me remind. If I really want to answer these stupid questions, I can press a row of buttons in front of the table which can help me to find someone to answer these questions. As long as I would like to know, someone around me can provide me the dead knowledge I require. Should I have to remember all knowledge in my mind beforehand?
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REMARK

Some people in their lives take the title of education as the subject matter of pursuit, and are proud of this. Some people bow or are ashamed under the halo of the title of education. Both of which distort the essence of education and is particularly serious in Taiwan.
Wang Yongqing of Formosa Plastics Corporate just went to the primary school for two years, Gao Qingyuan of UniPresident Enterprise Corp. only has the primary school life for six years and Xing Zhizhu of the Japanese Matsushita also went to primary school for six years, but these do not affect the achievements in their business career.
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REMARK CONT.

As the saying goes, It is not necessary to raise cattle if you want to drink milk. The same that 42 eating eggs does not necessarily have to raise chickens. Therefore, one does not necessarily have to possess high academic diploma if you can identify and make use your of talents.

High academic diploma is not necessarily useless. But the one must be a useless person who judges matters only by academic diploma. The problems of life are varied and odd. Therefore, not a single book or question bank can help you to solve all the problems. It is a real way to develop the ability to solve problem.
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1.2 DEFINITION OF PROBLEM

Problem is the difference between hope and fact or the disputes caused by the different standards.

Past

Future

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2.6 MANAGERIAL WISDOM: THE PROBLEM CAN ONLY BE

SOLVED AFTER THE CAUSE OF PROBLEM IS FOUND OUT

One day, a man comes to the clinics for medical consultation. The doctor asks him, What seems to be a trouble? The man answers, It hurts here (he points to his head with forefinger and chest later)! When I touch here, it is also painful (he points to the stomach with forefinger)!

What a strange disease in hell have I had?

The doctor says, I think your forefinger is fractured!

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REMARK

No matter it is a big or small problem, the problem can be solved only after finding the cause of the problem.

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1.3 TECHNIQUE OF PROBLEM ANALYSIS

Make remark on problem (What)

Explain the problem

Test all causes to find out the most probable cause Verify the real cause Settlement of the problem

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(2.7) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: HANDLE PROBLEM WITH

CALMNESS

When the airliner of Pan Am goes wrong, service personnel must assist the passengers to interchange and take other flights, so people are crowded in the front of the counter. A man thrust to the counter and throws the ticket to the counter, I want to travel first class of this flight! The service maid kindly says, Dear sir, I am glad to serve you, but please be kind enough to queue! However, the man says very impatiently, Look at me carefully! Do you know who I am?

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(2.7) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

The service maid takes the microphone and says, Please attention, your passengers, a man in front of No.11 counter does not know who he is. If someone of you knows him, please contact No.11 counter, thank you! The passengers in line cannot help laughing. This man stared at the attendant girl and sternly says Fuck you! The attendant girl kindly smiles and replies, Sir, you have to queue first!
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REMARK

People whose emotions are controlled well can be able to calmly deal with problems. When we encounter the problem, anger, shouting, arguing, fighting or scolding cannot solve the problem, but often create some new problems.
The following ideas can be used as reference: You cannot decide the length of life, but you can control its width. You cannot control the weather, but you can change the mood; You cannot change the appearance, but you can show your smile. You cannot control others, but you can hold yourself; you cannot predict tomorrow, but you can take advantage of today; and You cannot succeed in everything, but you can do your best.

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EXAMPLE 2.1 PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF CAR ACCIDENT

1.

Problem description: Vehicle B gets rear-ended by Vehicle A.

People, things, time, place, matters and how: a) Who (People):

2.

Driver of vehicle A: Zhang San; Driver of vehicle B: Li Si.

b)

What (affair):

Vehicle B gets rear-ended by Vehicle A.

c)

When (Time):

23:56 on August 20, 2011.

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PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF CAR ACCIDENT CONT.

d) Where (Place):
300 meters of north driveway, Lane 385 kilometers, Provincial Highway No.1

e) How (Matter and severity):

the trunk of Vehicle B is distorted (with photos), gasoline tank is ruptured and leaks the gasoline. Several ribs of driver of Vehicle B are broken and the driver is sent for hospital emergency. The brake track is 25 meters.

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(2.8) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: HANDLE PROBLEM WITH

CALMNESS

Cheng puts on the wrong shoes. One of the soles is thicker and the other is thinner, so he feels very uncomfortable when he walks because one leg appears to be higher and the other is lower. He says to himself, Today, my two legs are not the same high, what is the reason for it? Perhaps it is due to rugged road?

Someone tells him, It is because you put on the wrong shoes! Then he hastens to find someone to go home and fetch the shoes. The person who takes the shoes for him returns empty-handed after quite a long time, and says to Cheng, You do not need to change your shoes because one of the soles of the two shoes at your home is thicker and the other is thinner!

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REMARK

The problem can be really solved only after finding out the cause of the problem. All your haste will be of no use if you do not find out the cause.

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(2.9 )MANAGERIAL WISDOM: HANDLE PROBLEM WITH

CALMNESS

A medical quack labels that he can cure crookback, and boasts that, For people whose back looks like outstretched bow, shrimp and circle, if you request me to treat, you can be as straight as arrow. A person of crookback believes him and asks him for therapy. The quack took out two boards with one on the ground, the person of crookback is required to sleep on it. Then the quack puts the other board on him, pressing and tramping in the front of the crookback. Then the body of the person of crookback becomes straight soon, but he also dies. The son of the crookback person wants to go to the authority for lawsuit. The medical quack says, My duty is to cure humpback and it only needs to get straight without considering his life.

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PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF CAR ACCIDENT CONT.

3. Possible causes:
a) b) c)

Vehicle A over speeds. Vehicle A overtakes improperly. Driver of Vehicle A is drunk driving.

4. Test the causes:

The measured value of wind blow of alcoholic percentage of driver of Vehicle A is up to 0.82.

5. Verify the cause:

Driver of Vehicle A is drunk driving.

6. Solve the problem:

Strengthen the advocacy of Do not drink and drive.

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(2.10) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: DO NOT THROW

THE PROBLEM TO YOUR SUPERIOR

You can throw your problem to your superior (parents) only after you have thought the causes of the problem and have the solutions. Better to have a variety of solutions, and have in-depth analysis of the pros and cons of various solutions and can recommend the best solution. You cannot throw the problem to others as if it makes no difference with you and let others to bother.

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REMARK

If you want others to believe that you have the ability, you should take the initiative and automatically use the ability to think. You are expected to perform some feasible solutions to take the part for your superior to reach the degree of you can count to me. Then you can be valued. Do not accept the problem that your subordinate gives to you. Ask him whether he has found out the causes and whether there are solutions for the problem.

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SECTION 2 DEFINITION AND CLASIFICATION OF RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING

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(2.11) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: 2S OF THE MANAGERS

OF FAILURE

Stupid: IQ is low. Do not take the initiative to think. Or first impressions are strongest and Take a part for the whole with wisdom without use. One seems to be immature due to lack of active learning. Reflected in actual practice is that one lives in an ivory tower. He does not know that there is no limit in the universe. Knowledge is infinite no matter how strong you are, there is always someone stronger.

One does not know that the future cannot be accurately predicted forever.
One only knows the present situation and does not think about the future which means lack of ambition.
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(2.11) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

Stubborn: EQ is low. One is not intended for communication or does not want to make alternative quote out of context, which are the sign of ageing and rigidity. Reflected in practice, it is to cope with shifting events by sticking to a fundamental principle, to without considering the ideas (thought) or opinions of others. Be caught in analog reasoning of pre-conceit, excessive selfconfidence, small sample representing the whole, non-rational or emulative expansion commitment and taking a part for the whole.
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REMARK

Stupid employees, who do not want to use their brains and all ask for instructions for all events in enterprise and whose IQ maybe high but he is unable to accomplish anything and liable to spoil everything, are often seen.
They do not want to communicate due to stubborn and cannot exert their wisdom. There are many people who are wise with high academic diploma.

Managers is who are intelligent, hardworking, diligent, and willing to listen to the suggestions of others and persistent are very rare.
According to the survey to enterprise by the author, the average rate of the survival of three years for newly established enterprises is 50%. The vitality of enterprises can be increased by avoiding 2S.

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2.1 THREE MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING

38

THREE MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING

2.1.1 Decision-maker Oneself a) Behavior inclination of decision maker b) Personal character 2.1.2 Purpose of decision-making itself

2.1.3 Impacts of decision-making environment a) Physical environment b) Social environment:

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(2.12) MANAGERIAL WISDOM : MAKE CORRECT

DECISIONS REQUIRING A CLEAR MIND

One day, an alcoholic goes to the street and buy the alcohol for drinking. Suddenly, he catches sight that there is a notice. You can drink the wine for one year for free only if you can complete three difficult problems.

The alcoholic thinks that is a golden opportunity should not be missed. He goes to the bartender for ask. You want to challenge the three difficult problems? OK! First of all, you must drink this cup of tequila adding with pepper in a breath.
Secondly, there is a hippo at our backyard whose teeth pain for a long time. You must help it for teeth extraction. Third, do you see the opposite apartment? A woman lives there. She does not satisfy for a long time! You should make her satisfied.

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(2.12) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

The alcoholic strongly want to try immediately after hearing these, and he drinks that cup of tequila in a breath.
Immediately he feels that this body seems to be burnt up, then he rushes to the backyard fast and furious. At once the screams of hippo can be heard from the backyard. Soon the alcoholic rushes out and ask the bartender loudly, Be quick! Say, where is the woman of toothache?
Remark

Managers should always keep a clear mind because one can make correct decisions and Actions only with a clear mind.

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(2.13) MANAGERIAL WISDOM : CONSIDER

CAREFULLY BEFORE MAKING CONCLUSION

A world-renowned biologist engages in a study: He catches a flea and orders it to jump up, and the flea jumps. Then the biologist cut off two feet of the flea and orders it to jump again, and the flea jumps again. Then the biologist cut off another two legs of the flea, and the flea jumps again. Finally the biologist cut off the only remaining two feet, and the biologist finds that the flea cannot jump no matter how he gives orders. Therefore, the biologist is ecstatic to write the conclusion of his study, The flea becomes deaf after it is cut off his six feet.

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REMARK

Is the past rich experience a help or restriction? Rational decision maker should recognize where the problem lies. Objective and comprehensive consideration should be given before making decisions.

Only with rich experience and judgment by intuition hastily, the experience will become the restrictions and conclusions will become the subjective bias. A wise man usually makes decisions after thinking over and clarifies after thinking clearly. While the loser often regrets what he has said after he speaks!

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(2.14)MANAGERIAL WISDOM: ASSUMPTION IS THE

CONVINCED FUTURE

In decision-making, managers should make assumption for the future because future is full of uncertainty or variables.
This assumption is not false at all because decisions cannot be made without this hypothesis or assumption.

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REMARK

If you love me, I will marry you (I will not marry you if you do not love me). If it is profitable for merger, the two companies will merge into one (if not profitable, the two companies will not be merged). If you are sick, you may not come to work (you should come to work if not sick). Assuming the monthly salary more than US$10 000, I will come to your company for work (I will not come to work if the salary is less than US$10 000). From the above several examples, we can make conclusions that the results of the latter half will not exist if there are not the ifs or assumptions in the front.

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(2.15)MANAGERIAL WISDOM: NOTE THE IMPACTS ON DECISION-MAKING BY THE CHANGE OF

ENVIRONMENT

A cook is cutting the meat at home. He hides a piece on his chest.

His wife sees and curses, This is the meat of our family, why do you do so? He answers quickly, Oh! I forgot I was at home!

A young man signs up for the examination of police academic school.

When taking the oral examination, the examiner asks him, If the crowds are in demonstration, how do you disperse them? The young man says, I will immediately launch one fund-raising activity for charities on the spot!

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REMARK

The only unchanged truth is change.

For the clock without moving, there are twice the time is correct each day. It is necessary to make man-made precision adjustment when making the decisions.

Yi Ching is one of the five Classics works of China, and its primary axis is to discuss the natural truths of change in the world.

Buddhist takes uncertainty as the basis of argument. The future of everyone has many uncertainties. The decisions are changed if the information is changed; face the changes; the chances to be right will be greatly improved
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2.2 MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING TYPES

48

2.2 MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING TYPES

Framework of decision-making

Result of decision-making

Model of decision-making
Group and individual decisionmaking

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2.2.1 CLASSIFY ACCORDING TO FRAMEWORK OF DECISION-MAKING

Table 2.1 Managerial decision-making types
DecisionProblem making Procedure Examples

Routine

Repeatability

1. Rules 1. Enterprise: Preparation of salary 2. Standard job book procedure 2. University: Approval of 3. Policies enrollment application 3. Hospital: Preparation the surgery for patient
Solution of creative problems 1. Enterprise: Introduction of new product 2. University: Add the number of department and institute 3. Hospital: Reflecting the regional infectious diseases 50

Non-routine

Nonrepeatability

2.2.2 CLASSIFY ACCORDING TO RESULT OF DECISION-MAKING

Certain results Risk results

Uncertain results
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2.2.3 CLASSIFY ACCORDING TO MODEL OF DECISION-MAKING

Rational Model Bounded rationality model

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2.2.4 CLASSIFY ACCORDING TO INDIVIDUAL RATIONALMAKING AND GROUP OF DECISION-MAKING

Table 2.2 Potential advantages and disadvantages of group decision-making
1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

Potential advantages Make some decision with better quality. Have more information, more options and more originality. Have more in-depth understanding of decisionmaking. Do the best relatively to the decisions that have been made. Can improve the morale of the team. Excellent training methods.

Potential disadvantages 1. Decision-making steps are too slow and waste time.
2. Can only meet the requirements of lowest standard. 3. Misplacement and target. of mastership

4. Obedience and group blind thinking.

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PROCESS LOSS OF GROUP DECISION-MAKING

1.

The individual is afraid of being criticized by others in group by expressing his own opinions and he chooses silence. Because the status of the individual in group is not high, therefore, even if he has good opinions, the opinions will not be valued and adopted by the group, so he is not willing to speak. The individual cannot exert himself from the pressure. The group is dominated by some powerful person.
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2.

3.

4.

SECTION 3 STEPS FOR RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING

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(2.16) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: RATIONAL JUDGMENT

Eighty-year-old man go to health check. During the check, he continues to show off his new married wife to the doctor and says a lot of good things about her.
He says, She is 25 years old. We have been married only four months. Do you know how loyal she is to me? She needs me at every moment and she is so clingy to me that I almost feel tired! The old man continues to say, Besides, she is pregnant recently! The doctor listens to him quietly without saying a word, What do you think of it? The old man says proudly.

The doctor raises his head and glance at him, slowly saying, This made me think of a long-lost friend who had told me a story.

A story when he hunted in Africa. He encountered a lion when he was at grassland, and he immediately grabbed the gun from his back and aimed at it. However, he found that he was wrong because what he took is an umbrella but not the gun

56

(2.16) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

At that time it was too urgent because the lion has been in front of him and were rushing to him. He had no idea but to lift the umbrella to his shoulder and put all his strength to shout out three times rat-tat! The miracle happened because that lion fell down and died.

Shit! How could this be possible? The elderly cried, It must be done by someone else! The doctor replies, I think so.

Remark

It is a very important matter to be able to know the conditions you have.

It is good to have confidence, but too self-confidence is not a good thing because confidence must be backed up by strength

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(2.17) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: RATIONAL THOUGHT

In the classroom, Einstein asks the students: There are two workers to repair old chimney. When they crawl out from the chimneys, one is very clean, and the other is all covered with the coal dust. May I ask who will be the first to have a wash?

A student says, Certainly, that worker all covered with coal dust will be the first to wash.
Einstein says, Really? Attention, the clean worker sees another worker covered with coal dust, and he will feel it is really dirty crawling out from the chimney. Another one who sees the other clean has different opinions. I ask you once again, who will go to have a wash first?
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(2.17) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

One student is very excited, saying, I know! When the clean worker sees the dirty worker, he will feel that he himself is dirty. But the dirty worker sees the clean worker, he does not feel that he is dirty! Therefore, the clean worker should be the first to wash! Einstein looks at other students and all students seem to agree with this answer. Einstein is seen leisurely to say, This answer is wrong. Two people climb out from the old chimneys at the same time, it could not be that one is clean and the other is dirty. And this is called logic.

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REMARK

If you want to find the logic, you should jump out of the shackles of habits, avoid the traps of inertia thoughts, and escape from the fog of traditional cognition and break away from the persistence in personality. Good decisions can be made only after rational thought.

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STEPS ARE :
1. Set the goal
Absolutely necessary condition

2. Pursue benefit
Relatively comparison condition

3. Avoid risk

4. Making decision

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EXAMPLE 2.2 CHOOSING MARRY MATCH

a. Set the goal Choosing a marry match

b. Pursuing Benefit 1. Absolutely necessary condition

He must be male. Age is between 24 and 30 The stature must be between 165 and 180cm. The weight is between 60 and 85 kilograms. Educational ground must graduate from university at least. The annual salary is more than US$ 60 000.

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B.

PURSUING BENEFIT

2. Relatively comparison condition

1.
a. b.

c.

Firstly listing evaluation item To each of the importance mark of comparatively evaluation item of evaluation item Arranging the importance order of evaluation item

2.

Scoring each object in individual evaluation item

3.

Weighting scoring of each object evaluation item

Weighted total score of footing each object is listed in the lowest line Arranging the order of priority of selected plan
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4.

5.

(2.18) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: DO NOT TAKE A PART FOR THE

WHOLE AND HAVE DEEP THOUGHT TO DETERMINE PRIORITY

Mei goes to take the test of drivers license. When taking road test, the examiner asks her, You are driving on the road and see a man and a dog in the middle of the road, which one do you choose to hit?

Mei answered without hesitation, I will hit the dog.

The examiner shakes his head and says, You come back for the next test! Mei is not convinced and asks the examiner, Dont you want me to bump the person? The examiner looks at Mei for a glance, saying, No! You should jam on the brakes!

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REMARK

Determining the priority under the existing methods may make the mistake of taking a part for the whole.

That means that one can only see the slight thing while ignores the large matter, and emphasizes the details and does not take consideration for the overall interests.

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Table 2.3 Evaluation item and the importance score of comparatively evaluation item
Evaluation item The important score of comparatively evaluation item 10 10 8 8 8 7 6 6 5

1. State of health 2. The loyalty to the marriage and love 3. Personality (temper, consideration, sense of responsibility, positivity) 4. Interpersonal relationship 5. Leadership 6. Economic position (car and house) 7. Appearance and temperament 8. The ambition to the career 9. Whether the single child (lower scoring if he is) 10. Financing ability (investment, the way of spending money) 11. Stature 12. Education background 13. Family status (the number of people, family harmony, life style)

4
3 2 1

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Table 2.4 The scoring table of marriage partners at each evaluation item
Evaluation item 1. State of health 2. The loyalty to the marriage and love 3. Personality (temper, consideration, sense of responsibility, positivity) 4. Interpersonal relationship 5. Leadership 6. Economic position (car and house) 7. Appearance and temperament 8. The ambition to the career 9. Whether the single child (lower scoring if he is) 10. Financing ability (investment, the way of spending money) 11. Stature 12. Education background 13. Family status (the number of people, family harmony, life style) The importance score of comparatively evaluation item Zhang San 3 2 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 3 3 Li Si 3 3 1 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 4 Wang Wu 4 5 4 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 3

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Evaluation item 1. State of health 2. The loyalty to the marriage and love 3. Personality (temper, consideration, sense of responsibility, positivity) 4. Interpersonal relationship 5. Leadership 6. Economic position (car and house) 7. Appearance and temperament 8. The ambition to the career 9. Whether the single child (lower scoring if he is)

Table Zhang San

2.5 Weighting scoring and Li Si Wang Wu weighting10x3=30 total scoring of marriage 10x3=30 10x4=40 partners 10x3=30 10x2=20 10x5=50
8x5=40 8x5=40 8x5=40 7x5=35 6x4=24 6x5=30 5x5=25 8x1=8 8x4=32 8x4=32 7x3=21 6x3=18 6x3=18 5x3=15 8x4=32 8x3=24 8x3=24 7x2=14 6x3=18 6x2=12 5x4=20

The importance score of comparatively evaluation item

10. Financing ability (investment, the way of spending money)

11. Stature 12. Education background 13. Family status (the number of people, family harmony, life style) Weighting total scoring ( The importance mark of comparatively evaluation item x the scoring of objects at each evaluation item)

4x3=12
3x2=6 2x3=6 1x3=3

4x4=16
3x2=6 2x3=6 1x4=6

4x3=12
3x3=9 2x3=6 1x3=3

311

236

264

68

c. Avoid risk

The important things to consider are:

1. 2.

Factors that may result in failure in the future The problems arising from the internal and external changes in the future

The selected solution for the risk assessment of avoiding risks sometimes may rely on the potential feelings.

Why we have to avoid risk?

To feel comfortable in the heart To have the immeasurable confidence

69

(2.19) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: DECISION-MAKING

FOR AVOIDING RISKS

After being reprimanded by the manager, Lin goes out of the company, walking and cursing, What a poor company! I would not surname Lin if I do not resign today! Sir, be kind to give me some money, I have not eaten for several days. The company I past work is lay off me due to the financial constraints. I have been out of job for a long time and cannot find a new job. Alas! The job is hard to find, please help me! Lin encounters a beggar and says to him. See this, Lin suddenly think, Alas! Forget it, a man among men is able to bow and rise at will, so it does not need to care about it so much, continue to do it!

70

REMARK

A man may inevitably encounter setbacks, let alone a company. Only in the event of setbacks and problems, decisions must be made after the results are thought rationally and pragmatically in progressive, then the mistakes will be reduced a lot.

71

d. Making Choice
After

thinking about pursuing benefit and avoiding risks, final choice should be made.
Each option (decision) often represents different consequents that you have to take.

72

(2.20)MANAGERIAL WISDOM: MAKE A CHOICE MOST

FAVORABLE TO YOU

One minister is faithful to duty in the court, sacrificing and dedicating for the country, making great contributions and often resolving the crisis for the emperor. However, the emperor is flattered by the treacherous court officials and is gradually alienated with the minister. At last, the emperor does not like listen to the words of loyalty and admonition, but also increasingly dislikes him and watches the minister with increasing dissatisfaction.

One day, the emperor is very dissatisfied with the minister, but considering the contributions of the minister to the country for years.
73

(2.20)MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

He says to the minister and let him himself choose how to die. On the occasion of life or death, it is not a good thing to choose any of the ways with torture to die. The minister thinks for a moment and very respectfully says to the emperor, Emperor never goes back on your words, right? The Emperor says definitely, The kings words are to be taken seriously! The minister says with a smile, Well! I would rather retire and return home, and select the way of die of old age.
74

REMARK

Somebody said: wife is like ice water, while mistress is icecream! Both of them can quench ones thirsty, but men always choose more tasteful. Goethe ever said: Wisdom has been used and thought about a thousand time by people, but if you want to make them become your own wisdom, it must pass through thinking over and over again until it takes root in your personal experience.

75

(2.21) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: THE IMPORTANT OF

EQ

The economic depressed, under the storm of the enterprises reducing the staff in succession, many people suffering from being unemployed phobia, which kind of person is most easily being fired? It is found according to the statistic survey made by US Weekly and Fortune magazine, when the enterprises face to prune, at first eliminating the person who is clever confessed by himself, but with lower EQ. Such result, overturning the traditional selecting talent standard by profession in command. Many enterprises begin to change the concept to choosing employees, through high competitive condition.

76

(2.21) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

Those who only can (console himself) with high background education is just like considering only the positive and enterprising communication master-hand, can he break contemporary frog at the bottom of a well. One chief manager in IBM Taiwan honestly expresses, the key point of his company recruiting new people does not pay too much attention on the score when they are at school. Whether holding the post of class representative, student association chairman, school magazine editor or whether participating other internal and external academic competition activities and etc.

77

(2.21) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

They consider the leader in incoming enterprise, the problem of people is more important than profession.

Y. L. Hei of interpersonal communication expert of Carnegie Training Center in Taiwan says, It is found that according to the latest survey of America, professional knowledge only occupies 15% impact to a persons success. Confidence, enthusiasm, attitude, communication, interpersonal relationship invisible factors, on the contrary occupies 85%, and its proportion has the trend become more larger, obviously seeing it is easier for high EQ to accomplishing a task than high IQ in high pressure society.
78

(2.21) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

The lawyer D. Shaoliang Liu who ever held the post as director of Asia-Pacific Regional Operations Center even sighs with feeling, why most of those classmates with good score in school are missing?

Instead the students who were very active at school, but the mark at school were not the top, have extraordinary achievements after entering into society. The reason for this, mainly because those people buried into books at students times lacking exterior contacting, until find job to begin, naturally losing competitiveness at staring point.

79

(2.21) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

Not only Taiwan with the phenomenon, but also the famous soldier Dwight Eisenhower and general Patton of America famous West Point Military school. They were both not at the top of list and read blindly students. While they were the young men who can call for the crowds and have the leadership charm. Time changing and the situation different. Nowadays many enterprises more clearly show that, as for a person who graduates several years and changes the work runway, they basically will not see the score in the school at past, even coming from which famous school. On the contrary caring on the performance in the past work position, especially interpersonal relationship. Because the competition culture in the incoming society, the interpersonal relationship will have the trend to override profession.

80

REMARK

The left brain and right brain are mainly in charge of different functions. The left half lobe of the brain: Mainly grasping the absorption of knowledge, the storage room of intelligence and visual sense. Left half brain grasping and controlling IQ, analysis, logistics and language. The right half lobe of the brain: Mainly in charge of the sensitivity of the brain and auditory nerve. The right half brain grasping and controlling intuitiveness, imagination and EQ.

81

REMARK CONT.

2. The volition concentration is left and right brain cooperating in perfect harmony or balanced expressing rationality and sensitivity. 3. Passion: rationality=24:1(16 century the Dutch Erusmus saying, usually it occupies the majority of people who make decision by sensitive intuition while lacking reasonable analysis. Learning the steps of reasonable decision is the process by using rationality to make a decision. 4. Whatever on the enterprise or the society, one persons success, high EQ usually surpasses high IQ or high background education.
82

(2.22)MANAGERIAL WISDOM: NO TITLE

A man tries his best to crush into a bus full of passengers, a passenger standing nearby disapprovingly scold: Do not crush! Do not you see? The bus cannot be crushed into full of passengers. Who are you? The man answers I am the driver.

Remark

People usually blame others when they are not very familiar with the condition. They think they are right, and its always others faults. Before blaming others, firstly calm down and thinking carefully, do not because of momentary impulse, and cause to the results that cannot be remedied.

83

(2.23) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: CHOOSING

A wise and farsighted old man lived in a village, and people consult him with many problems. One smart and naughty boy wanted to make the old man feel embarrassed on purpose. He caught a small bird and held in his hand, running to ask the old man: Grandpa, it is said that you are the smartest man in the whole village, but I do not believe it. If you can guess the bird in my hand whether alive or dead, Ill believe you! The old man focused on the cunning expression in the little boys eyes, knowing what the little boy was thinking about. If his answer was alive, the little boy would make great effort to squeeze the bird to death in the back. If his answer was dead, the boy would open his hand and let the bird fly away The old man tapped the boy on the shoulder and said: Whether the bird is dead or not, it all depends on you!

84

REMARK

Similarly, like with two feet standing on the threshold, let others guess whether you want to get in or out?
Getting

in or out will be decided both by yourself, how does other people know whether you want to go in or go out? The prospect and the fate of each person are completely grasped in ones own hand.
Life

is a series of choice

whether the result of the choice is fortunate or not? Nobody can definitely know. You keep your firm belief, and forward bravely. Facing major decision (choice), calmly thinking and judgment is the best consultant.
85

SECTION 4. HOW TO MAKE DECISION

86

(2.24) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: MAKE A DECISION

AFTER CONSIDERING CLEARLY

The president Chingyuan Gao of Uni-President Group ever said: As a marketing manager, it is prohibited to have the word confused in the brain, once state of affairs happening, it should insist on getting to the bottom of the matter, it is not only to know the result, but also the reason.

Remark

It is the same with the management philosophy of Y.G Wang asking the bottom of the matter. Doing something in ambiguous way cannot be convinced by others, the order given will not be accomplished by the subordinates hard work.

87

(2.25) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: DECISION IS FATE

1. The movie star Sylvester Stallone came down and out when he began to enter in the society. Only US$100 was left on him which is not enough to rent a house, just sleeping in the beetle car at night. At that time he makes a strong will to be an actor, and goes to the firm company in New York to apply with full confidence, but he is refused by common appearance and unclearly speaking. After more than a hundred film company refusing him, he still holds the belief that past does not stand for the future. Trying again from the first film company. After being refused more than1500 times, Stallone writes the script of Rocky, holding the script to recommend everywhere. He is still laughed at and teased by others.

88

2. The originator Steve Jobs of Apple Computer ever shows his personal

computer model to Hewlett & Packard.

The latter refuses him considering the small computer is no way to be useful. Finally Apple Computer win people favor and have a powerful influence.
3.

The Star War shooting plan of George Lucas is ever returned by many dealers of Hollywood.

The reason is that Lucas is a nobody and the script is like a fairy story, and without large all-star cast. But as a result seeing the movie win the imperial crown of drawing large audiences at best in the film history. The film company earns a lot of money.

Remark
Be Be

careful, do not make the decision incompatible with the money.

89

careful, do not make regretful decision in your whole life.

(2.26)MANAGERIAL WISDOM: PROMPT DECISION AT

THE RIGHT MOMENT

Two hunters see a flock of wild geese flying away, so stretching bow and fixing arrow to prepare shooting them down. Once in a while, one hunter says: the flock of wild geese is fat enough, and it must taste delicious by shooting down to boil. It is better to bake, and it is savory and crisp to eat by baking another hunter obstinately said. The two men both have their own reason, argue endlessly, so they ask the third person to decide which side is right. Finally they get a solution: The wild goose shot down, half of them boiling, and the other half baking. But when they turn around and want to shoot the wild geese, the flock of wild geese has flown away for a long time.
90

(2.27) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: IN THE TEAM, EACH

PERSON SEES THE DIFFERENT ASPECT

A senior and junior angel prepare to stay for a night in a rich mans family. The family is not very friendly to the angels, and do not permit them to live in the guest room of the big house, so they have to sleep in the cold cellar.

When the angels begin to go to sleep on the hard floor, the senior angel finds a hole on the wall, and then fixing the hole. The little angel cannot understand the reason, and the large angel explains: You cannot just only see anything from the surface.

91

(2.27) MANAGERIAL WISDOM CONT.

At night of another day, the senior and junior angel comes to house of a very poor but hospitable farmer couples for a break. After enjoying just the few food owed by the couple, the couples let the angels sleep on their own big bed. On the second day morning, the junior angel finds the couples cry on each others shoulders, and it because the dairy cattle that they depends on for living lies in the field was dead! The junior angel is very angry, asking the senior angel How can you let such sad thing happen!? The first family they have everything, but you deliberately help them fix the hole. The second family they have nothing, but they would like to enjoy everything they have, and you let their cow die on purpose, but why?

92

REMARK

The senior angel says: You cannot just only see anything from the surface. When we live in the cellar of the big house, I find a large amount of gold in the hole. Now that the rich man is so greedy and does not like to share the wealth with other people, so I will seal the hole, making them not find it. What is the wrong with last night?

When we are sleeping on the farmers bed, the dead devil wants to come here to take away the farmers wife life, so I let the cattle for replacement, and you cannot just see everything from the surface.
93

REMARK

As a manager prompt decision at the right moment, no sooner said than done; be decisive when decision is needed. If involved into endlessly argument, let a fine chance slip away, then it is possible nothing can be done and nothing can obtain.

94

THE IMPORTANT MATTERS TO PAY ATTENTION BY THE MANAGER TO MAKE DECISION:

1. 2. 3.

Collecting all information as possible as you can Avoid making the momentary decision Evaluate the possible reflection of the work team members

4.
5.

Do not ignore your own tuition

The decision causing effects to others
95

4.1 An Effective Manager Should

Make The Decision As Few As Possible, Only To Make The Necessary Decision: Pay Attention To The Quality But Not The Quantity

1.

Making the decision at the proper time

Making the decision according to the best information as possible as you can.

2.

96

4.2 THE TEAM DECISION

The advantages of team decision: More people with more experience, knowledge and information. It can make more plans. It can make better decisions. It can improve the acceptability to the decision. It can reach to the function of communication at the same time.
97

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

(2.28)MANAGERIAL WISDOM: MAKING DECISION WITH NOUS

A boss of a factory likes to know if his employees are working hard during working hours.

Once a day, he saw a man drinking a cup of coffee in site and then the boss went away without saying anything.
Later,

the boss again came to the locus again and saw the man was still drinking his coffee leisurely so he got very angry this time.
Whats your salary? asked the boss.
Not too much. Just a day. Answered the man. The boss then took out US$100 and said that:

Keep this US$100 and get

out of here immediately. The man then left away in puzzle. After a while, the boss asked one of his employees: What does that man do just now? He does not work here. He is just a deliveryman. Said the employee.

98

Remark

The

professional managers should always keep calm and make wise decisions to avoid making mistakes in hurry. So its necessary to collect adequate information in advance.

99

4.3 SOME IMPORTANT DECISIONS MAKING

1.

General decision-making

2.

Personnel decisions
Decision-making of adjustment on sector and the organizational structure Decisions on specialized machinery and equipment purchasing Budget decisionmaking
100

3.

4.

5.

SECTION 5. OTHER IMPORTANT DECISION MAKING STRATEGIES

101

(2.29) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: (NO TITLE?)

For complex topics such as foreign investment, introduction of foreign capital, which the participants do not understand but unwilling to admit so they just keep silent in the meeting. As a result, the great decisions are quickly passed. The participants will be more active and may discuss for a long time even debating sometimes when encounter some trivial topics, such as employees traveling, study or visit, because the participants know all about it. The discussion time of decision will rise proportionately to the importance of the case or the amount.
102

REMARK

The time of meetings is spent more on some trivial issues according to above principle. however, managers often spend the most time in the conference room. To improve efficiency of meeting worth thinking and learning by all the managers.

The decision-making is complex and important. The previously described steps in rational decision-making can be used to help managers deal with non-routine decision-making. This section describes commonly used decision-making technology in practice and ways of inspiring innovative thinking and its application.

103

5.1 WAYS OF STIMULATING CREATION

a. Brainstorming

b. Delphi technique

c. Nominal Grouping Technique, NGT

104

A.

BRAINSTORMING

The principles are as follows: 1. Encourage new and crazy ideas 2. Limit critical judgments 3. The more ideas the better 4. Pursuit the connection and adjustment of ideas 5. Inspect creations and ideas proposed 6. Selecting approved ideas or creations

105

(2.30) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: THINKING WITH SELFPOSSESSION

There were three men who met at the door of heaven, an angel asked them: "What do you guys die from? The first man said: one day I got up too late without wearing my clothes, then went downstairs in a haste. I wanted to take a taxi to go to work. I was unlucky that a refrigerator just fell down onto my head and I died! The second man went on to say: "That day I was working at night, but I just wanted to give my wife a surprise for leaving early. I heard men's voices outside the door, so I rushed into the room only to see my wife in and then I saw from the window a messy man is escaping from upstairs by taking a train. I got angry and threw the refrigerator down toward that man and then he was died and I was shot to dead. The third man said with a sigh: "Oh! I died from injustice! I was making love with my new sister but at that time her husband comes back. So I went into the refrigerator and then died hearing a bomb.

106

Remark

Do not be impatient when making decisions or mistakes may arise. If you just think about it calmly, your decision will perform good functions.

107

B.
1.

DELPHI TECHNIQUE

The specific steps are as follow The host or coordinator can obtain solutions, ideas or suggestions from unknown applicants who comes from different regions or countries by mail, questionnaires and etc. The host or coordinator then organizes all of their solutions, ideas or suggestions and make a list to send to the applicants for assessment and then mail or emails back. The host or coordinator once again file all of the solutions, ideas or suggestions and send to each applicant and the applicants again make assessment or solutions and back to the host or coordinator. Repeat the above steps until all the participants reach consensus. Typically speaking, consensus reached by 4 times or more of repeating.

2.

3.

4.

108

C.

NOMINAL GROUPING TECHNIQUE (NGT)

The specific steps are:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

List: 7-10 in a group. Record: The group leader records all of ideas. Discussion Voting: Voting for the best solution Runoffs: The one with most votes will be the final.

109

5.2 TRADITIONAL DECISION-MAKING TOOLS

Marginal analysis

Break-even analysis

Capital Budgeting Skills

110

 5.3 Management Science or Operations Research

The

strategy of mathematical model to help managers make more realistic decision-making method available is widely used in field of industry and non-profit institutions, but less used for enterprise management.

5.4

Project Management Tools

The following are preliminary introduction a) Gantt Chart b) Critical Path Method (CPM) c) Program Evaluation and Review Technology (PERT

111

5.5 SALES FORECASTING METHOD

The special techniques are as follows: 1. Forecasting by principals

2.

Forecasting by salesman Forecasting by consumers The application of statistical techniques a) Time series analysis b) Regression analysis c) Econometric model analysis

3.

4.

5.

Integrate above forecasting method

112

SECTION 6. RISK MANAGEMENT (POTENSIAL PROBLEM ANALYSIS)

113

(2.31) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: DO NOT RIGID

THINKING PATTERNS

A boss determined to choose one person of two candidates to be his successor. So he arranges a horse race not for speed but for slow of horse. At the beginning, the two people ride slow and seem astonished. Later, a candidate ride the horse of others suddenly at full speed toward the goal.

Remark The thinking way of breaking through habits can change and alter our life.

Mark Twin said: Habits cannot speak, but it is the spokesman for your actions. Emerson said: The habit is the true leader of ones behavior and thinking.

114

(2.31)MANAGERIAL WISDOM: DO NOT RIGID THINKING PATTERNS

A

boss determined to choose one person of two candidates to be his successor. So he arranges a horse race not for speed but for slow of horse.
At

the beginning, the two people ride slow and seem astonished. Later, a candidate ride the horse of others suddenly at full speed toward the goal.
Remark

The thinking way of breaking through habits can change and alter our life. Mark Twin said: Habits cannot speak, but it is the spokesman for your actions. Emerson said: The habit is the true leader of ones behavior and thinking.

115

6.1 PURPOSE OF RISK MANAGEMENT

Future prediction

What might go wrong in the future?

Take preventive measures

What can we do now?

116

(2.32) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: CATERPILLAR

CROSSING THE RIVER

A caterpillar always looked another side of the river far away. A snail said Its impossible for you to cross the river. However, the caterpillar was confident enough to cross the river. The snail asked why he was so confident and the caterpillar answered: I can fly over the river when I become a butterfly.
117

REMARK

Managers must understand the potential problem analysis. The potential risk or destructive force beyond imagination say a match stick just values less than a dime and a house values several million. But a match stick can destroy the house. The insignificant potential destructive is powerful and once it attacks can destroyed all things. You may need more than one month to stack one million dominoes, but you can push it down just for a few minutes. It takes you several tens years to accumulate a successful enterprise but it may be shut down only because of one wrong decision.

118

REMARK CONT.

C.T.Tseng, chairman of SOGO department store, he was in hold of US$ 6 billion in assets in early 2001 and US$6 billion in debt to the end of 2002. He told the judge in court: I only make a wrong decision: Share price stabilization of his company.
To self-cultivation into a respective personality will take long time to cultivate and be trusted, but by doing one thing wrong may defame the personality. Whats your match in the end? It is probably one of the following four items: Stupid decisions without rational judgments. Stubborn and do not accept others views. Emotion that cant be controlled by yourself. Narrow-minded.
119

6.2 POTENTIAL PROBLEM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

Prevention procedures of problems or crisis that may happen in the future are as follows: a) Thinking and find out the plan, operational procedures, programs, products, departments or any possible weakness may exists.
b)

Find out the weakness that could make adverse effects on the companys survival or operations so to take actions to prevent specific problems. Identify possible causes of these potential problems and to take sufficient actions to prevent it. If preventive action fails or any preventive actions are invalid, you should make a emergency plan in advance.

c)

d)

120

(2.33) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: POTENTIAL RISK

THINK OF DANGER IN TIME OF PEACE

There were two frogs living in a pond in the summer and the sun spray strong rays so that the water of the pond is evaporated. The two frogs so decided to pack up their belongings to find a new accommodation together. They found a well and one of the frog said to another: The water of the well is very cool and the food is sufficient, lets settle down here! But the other frog said that: If the water is dried we cannot go out.

121

Remark

Be mindful of danger in advance so that you will not get into the trap. Fubon made 7.7 billion wrong accounts (the order may be 80 million, but input 8 billion) at June 7, 2005 due to staff pressed the wrong order; its the management system that lead to the ridiculous thing.

122

(2.34) MANAGERIAL WISDOM: NO PROBLEM IS

THE BIGGEST PROBLEM

An enterprise management consultant saw an entrepreneur was drinking alone in the corner of a restaurant with frown down. The consultant approached him and said: You must have some difficult questions to solve, let me help you! Entrepreneurs saw at Consultant, said coldly! I have too much questions! No one can help me. Enthusiastic consultant took out his business cards and told him come to his office tomorrow. The next day, the entrepreneur came for appointment, but the consultant did not make any analysis only asked him to go somewhere nearby. The entrepreneurs didnt know what did he want to do, but still went away with him
123

Consultant took him to the wild and pointing to the cemetery in front of the entrepreneurs, said: Those who lie here do not have problem, regardless of how many or how big of your problems, there is hope of survival as long as the there are problems. Entrepreneurs suddenly understand and immediately accept the diagnosis and counseling of consultant.

Remark

There is no company which dont exist problems and those company who claims they dont exist problem must be a great problem. To make improvement is never be ended when operating a company. The one who claiming the company exist no problem is too self-satisfactory and ignorant which shows the company does exist some problems.

124

END OF CHAPTER 2

125