Chapter 4

Roots of Polynomials
Objectives
Understand the importance of finding polynomial
roots in engineering applications
Know the conventional method concept
Know the Mullers method concept
Know the Bairstows method



Content

Polynomials in engineering and science
Conventional method
Mullers method
Bairstows method
Conclusions


Polynomials in (1)
General solutions of linear ODE
Solve for general solution
Change to characteristic equations:
The results can be :-
Polynomials in(2)
General solutions of linear ODE
Polynomials in(3)
Problem :

n
n o n
x a x a x a a x f + + + + =
2
2 1
) (
Follow these rules:
1. For an nth order equation, there are n real or complex roots.
2. If n is odd, there is at least one real root.
3. If complex roots exist, they will be in conjugate pairs (that is,
l+mi and l-mi), where i=sqrt(-1).
Conventional
Only real roots exist
However,
Finding good initial guesses complicates both the open and
bracketing methods, also the open methods could be
susceptible to divergence.
Real and complex roots of polynomials Mller and Bairstow
methods.
Mller method (1)
Like Secant, Mllers method obtains a root estimate by
projecting a parabola to the x axis through three function
values.




Mller method (2)
, 3 , 2 , 1
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
1
1
1
1
1
=

~
'

i
x f x f
x x
x f x x
x x
x f x f
x f
i i
i i
i i i
i i
i i
i
Secant method
(linear approximation)
Mller method (3)
Mller method
(Parabola or 2
nd
order
approximation)
Must use three points to approximate function
Mller method (4)
Mller methodology derivation
c x x b x x a x f + + = ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2 2
Write the equation in a convenient form at point x
2
:
We then have three eqns now (from x
0
, x
1
, and x
2
)
c x x b x x a x f
c x x b x x a x f
c x x b x x a x f
o o o
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
2
Mller method (5)
Step III Reduce to two eqns
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2
2
2 2
x x b x x a x f x f
x x b x x a x f x f
o o o
+ =
+ =
Right now u can solve for a and b from
When u know a, b, c you are ready to
estimate root from
c x x b x x a x f + + = ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2 2
Mller method (6)
Step IV Here the new estimated root is
ac b b
c
x x
4
2
2
2 3


+ =
Error can be derived from
% 100
3
2 3
x
x x
a

= c
Two roots, but which one ?
Mller method (7)
Summary of algorithm
Start with 3 points [x
0
,f(x
0
)] [x
1
,f(x
1
)] and [x
2
,f(x
2
)]
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
x - x h x - x h If
2 1 1
1
1
1
1 2
1
1
1 2 1 o 1 o
x f c ah b
h h
a
h
x f x f
h
x f x f
o
o
o
o
o
= + =
+

=
= =
o
o o
o o
Calculate a, b, and c from
Mller method (8)
Summary of algorithm (contd)
ac b b
c
x x
4
2
2
2 3


+ =
Calculate new root from
% 100
3
2 3
x
x x
a

= c
Calculate error
Check whether
s a
c c s
new x
i-1
= old x
i

Bairstows method (1)
An iterative approach loosely related to both Mller and Newton
Raphson methods.
Based on dividing a polynomial by a factor x-t:


0 to 1
1
= + =
=
+
n i t b a b
a b
i i i
n n
n
n o n
x a x a x a a x f + + + + =
2
2 1
) (
Start with
1 2
3 2 1 1
) (

+ + + + =
n
n n
x b x b x b b x f
Dividing with x-t yields
and a remainder R=b
0

The coefficients of polynomial are

Bairstows method (2)
To permit the evaluation of complex roots, Bairstows method
divides the polynomial by a quadratic factor x
2
-rx-s:

0 2
) (
) (
2 1
1 1
1
2 3
1 3 2 2
to n- i sb rb a b
rb a b
a b
b r x b R
x b x b x b b x f
i i i i
n n- n-
n n
o
n
n
n
n n
= + + =
+ =
=
+ =
+ + + + =
+ +



For the remainder to be zero, b
o
and b
1
must be zero. However, it is
unlikely that our initial guesses at the values of r and s will lead to
this result, so we do this
Bairstows method (3)
Using a similar approach to Newton Raphson method, both b
o
and b
1

can be expanded as function of both r and s in Taylor series.
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , (
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
s r O s
s
b
r
r
b
b s s r r b
s r O s
s
b
r
r
b
b s s r r b
o o
o o
A A + A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ = A + A +
A A + A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ = A + A +
o
o o
b s
s
b
r
r
b
b s
s
b
r
r
b
= A
c
c
+ A
c
c
= A
c
c
+ A
c
c
1
1 1
Neglect higher-order terms
We estimate r and s from
How can we find
these partial
derivatives ???
Bairstows method (4)
Partial derivatives can be obtained by a synthetic division of the bs
in a similar fashion the bs themselves are derived:
3
1
2
1
1
2 1
1 1
1 2
c
s
b
c
r
b
s
b
c
r
b
to n i sc rc b c
rc b c
b c
o o
i i i i
n n n
n n
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
= + + =
+ =
=
+ +

where
then
o
b s c r c
b s c r c
= A + A
= A + A
2 1
1 3 2
Bairstows method (5)
At each step, the error can be estimated as
% 100
% 100
,
,
s
s
r
r
s a
r a
A
=
A
=
c
c
2
4
2
s r r
x
+
=
The roots can be determined from
Bairstows method (6)
At this point three possibilities exist:
1. The quotient is a third-order polynomial or greater. The
previous values of r and s serve as initial guesses and
Bairstows method is applied to the quotient to evaluate
new r and s values.
2. The quotient is quadratic. The remaining two roots are
evaluated directly, using
3. The quotient is a 1
st
order polynomial. The remaining
single root can be evaluated simply as x=-s/r.
2
4
2
s r r
x
+
=