METABOLISM

CATABOLISM & ANABOLISM

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

CATABOLISM
THE BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE TO PYRUVATE

Glycolysis The pentose phosphate pathway Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

GLYCOLYSIS (Embden-Meyerhof) It is found in all major Groups of microorganism and functions in the presence or absence of O2

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY OR HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY

FROM GLYCOLYSIS

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE
NADPH

6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE
NADPH

RIBOSA-6-PHOSPHATE

ERYTHROSE-4-PHOSPHATE
TO GLYCOLYSIS
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PHOPHOGLYCERALDEHYDE
Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

THE ENTNER-DOUDOROFF PATHWAY

Most bacteria have the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway, but some substitute the EntnerDoudoroff pathway for glycolysis

Generally found in : Pseudomonas Rhizobium Azotobacter Agrobacterium

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

Electron Transport Chain

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

Table 1: Distribution of EmbdenMeyerhofParnas (EMP), Entner Doudoroff (ED), and pentose phosphate (PP) pathway in bacteria Organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterococcus faecalis (Streptococcus) Salmonella typhimurium Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Yersinia pseudotuberculosis EMP + + + + + ED +i +i +i +i +i PP + + + -

Remark:

+ = Present; = not present. i = inducible

ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
MICROORGANISM CAN GROW :

1. in the presence of oxygen (aerobic metabolism) 2. in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES :

capable of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

In aerobic metabolism : aerobic respiration

In the absence of oxygen

1. Anaerobic respiration 2. Fermentation
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1. Anaerobic respiration : uses an electron transport chain with a compound other than oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

2. Fermentation : depends entirely on substrate-levelphosphorylation

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

Some terminal electron acceptors of bacterial electron transport chains

TYPE of RESPIRATION TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR REDUCED PRODUCT

Aerobic respiration

Oxygen (O2) Sulfate (SO42-) Nitrate (NO3-) Fumarate

(HOOC=CH-CH-COOH)

Water (H2O)

Anaerobic respiration Sulfate reduction Nitrate redution Fumarate reduction

Denitrification Trimethylamine oxide reduction

Hydrogen sulfite (H2S) Nitrite (NO2-) Succinate

(HOOO-CH2-CH2-COOH)

Nitrate (NO3-) Trimetylamine oxide

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

Nitrogn gas (N2) Trymetylamine

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FERMENTATION

Fermentation is a form of anaerobic metabolism in which all ATP is generated by substrate-level-phosphorylation

glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 NADH + 2 ATP

2 pyruvate +

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In aerobic organisms, pyruvate produced in Glycolysis is oxidized to CO2 via Krebs Cycle, and the NADH produced in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle is reoxidized via the respiratory chain, with production of much additional ATP.

Anaerobic organisms lack a respiratory chain. They must reoxidize NADH produced in Glycolysis through some other reaction, because NAD+ is needed for the Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase reaction (see above). Usually NADH is reoxidized as pyruvate is converted to a more reduced compound.
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REOXIDATION OF NADH DURING FERMENTATION GLUCOSE

GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 - P

NAD+ NADH + H+

NAD NADH + H+

1,3-BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE

NADH + H+ NAD+

PYRUVATE

NADH + H+
X NAD+ Y
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LACTATE
Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

Some Common Microbial Fermentations

1. Lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus, Lactobacillus), Bacillus) 2. Yeast, Zymomonas 3. Propionic acid bacteria (Propionibacterium) 4. Enterobacter, Serratia, Bacillus 5. Enteric bacteria (Echerichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Proteus) 6. Clostrodium
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FERMENTATIONS
1. Alcoholic fermentation - pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde, which is then reduced to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase - NADH as electron donor

2. Lactic acid fermentation - reduction of pyruvate to lactate

3. Lactic acid fermenters a. Homolactic fermenters b. Heterolatic fermenters
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4. Mixed acid fermentation Result in the excretion of ethanol and a complex mixture of acids, particularly acetic, lactic, succinic and formic acids

5. Butanol fermentation

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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Overview of fermentation products formed from pyruvic acid by different bacteria

LIPID CATABOLISM

MICROORGANISM : - Use lipids as energy sources

- Triglycerides or triacylglycerols, esters of glycerol and fatty acids

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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Lipid Metabolism
Lipids are essential to the structure and function of membranes Lipids also function as energy reserves, which can be mobilized as sources of carbon 90% of this lipid is triacyglycerol lipase triacyglycerol glycerol + 3 fatty acids The major fatty acid metabolism is oxidation

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
GLYCEROL Phosphorylated, Oxidized DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE FATTY ACIDS Oxidized -OXIDATION PATHWAY

ACETYL CoA CATABOLIZED IN THE GLYCOLITIC PATHWAY

TCA CYCLE OR BIOSYNTHESIS

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Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

Lipid Metabolism

-oxidation of fatty acid

Lipid Metabolism

Glycerol Metabolism

PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID CATABOLISM

Some bacteria and fungi, particulary: pathogenic, food spoilage and soil microorganisms can use proteins as their source of carbon and energy
Removal of the amino group from an amino acid : Deamination Amino group is transferred to an -keto acid acceptor Transamination
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TRANSAMINATION
COOCH CH2 ALANIN NH + COO C=O CH2 CH2 COOC=O CH2 COO+ CH CH2 CH2 COONH2

PYRUVATE

COO-KETOGLUTARATE

GLUTAMATE

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OXIDATION OF INORGANIC MOLECULES Microorganism can oxidize organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and synthesize ATP with the energy liberated.

The electron acceptor is: 1. another more oxidized organic molecule in fermentation 2. O2 in aerobic respiration 3. An oxidized inorganic molecule other than O2 in anaerobic respiration
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ORGANIC e- DONOR Fermentation Aerobic Anaerobic Respiration Respiration

O2
NO3-, SO42-, CO2 ORGANIC ELECTRON ACCEPTOR INORGANIC e- DONOR

Chemolithotrophy
O2, SO42-, NO3-

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Chemolithotrophic bacteria are autotrophic and employ the Calvin Cycle to fix CO2 as their carbon source. Energy is required to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate; incorporation of one CO2 in Calvin Cycle requires three ATPs and two NADPHs

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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THE CALVIN CYCLE

CO2 RIBULOSE 1,5 BISPHOSPHATE 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID

RIBULOSE 5-PHOSPHATE

GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE

RIBOSE 5-PHOSPHATE

DIHYDROXYACETON PHOSPHATE
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FORMATION OF ATP AND REDUCING POWER BY PHOTOAUTOTROPHS

OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS OXYGEN-PRODUCING

ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOT OXYGEN-PRODUCING

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS

eLIGHT ENERGY

PROTON GRADIENT CHLOROPHYLL

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

ATP

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OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

e-

eLIGHT ENERGY

LIGHT ENERGY

NADPH

eH2O

PS I
PS II
PROTON GRADIENT USED TO FORM ATP FROM ADP & Pi
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BIOSYNTHESIS

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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Biosynthesis
Uses the three products of cataboilsm : 1. Precursor metabolites 2. ATP 3. Reducing power Construct all the small molecules it needs
MACROMOLECULES
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MONOMER BIOSYNTHESIS

THE ASSIMILATION OF INORGANIC NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND SULFUR

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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Nitrogen Metabolism
Nitrogen is an essential element of biological molecules, such as amino acids, nucleotides, proteins, and DNA

Bacteria vary widely in their ability to utilize various sources of nitrogen for synthesis of proteins

General view of nitrogen metabolism

Pathways Involved in Nitrogen Utilization

1. Protein Digestion by proteinase and
peptidase

2. Oxidative Deamination

3. Reductive Deamination

4. Decarboxylation

Pathways Involved in Nitrogen Utilization

1. Protein Digestion by proteinase and
peptidase

2. Oxidative Deamination

5. Transamination Reactions

6. Nitrification 7. Denitrification

NITROGEN ASSIMILATION
The route of ammonia incorporation : 1. Formation of glutamate from - ketoglutarate -ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NADPH (NADH) + H+ glutamate + NADP+ (NAD+) + H2O 2. Involves two enzymes acting in sequence : - glutamine synthetase reaction : Glutamic acid + NH3 + ATP glutamin + ADP + Pi

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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- glutamate synthetase reaction :

-ketoglutarate acid + glutamine + NADPH + H+

or
Fd reduced

glutamic acid + NADP+ or Fdoxidized

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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PHOSPHORUS ASSIMILATION

GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-p + Pi + NAD+

1,3-BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE + NADH + H+

1,3-BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE + ADP 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE + ATP

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI 44

SULFUR ASSIMILATION

SULFUR IS NEEDED FOR SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS (CYSTEINE AND METHIONINE) AND SEVERAL COENZYMES (COENZYME A AND BIOTIN)

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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THE SULFATE REDUCTION PATHWAY

SO42-

ADENOSINE 5-PHOSPHOSULFATE

PHOSPHOSADENOSINE 5-PHOSPHOSULFATE

SO32-

H2S

ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS (e.g. CYSTEINE)

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THE SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS

OXALOACETATE ASPARTATE ASPARTATE -SEMIALDEHYDE LYSINE HOMOSERINE METHIONINE THREONINE ISOLEUCINE
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AROMATIC AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS

PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE SHIKIMATE CHORISMATE PREPHENATE ANTHRANILATE

PHENYLALANINE

TYROSINE

TRYPTOPHANE

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THE SYNTHESIS OF PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND NUCLEOTIDES

Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis is critical for all cells because these molecules are used in the synthesis of ATP, several cofactors, RNA, DNA, and others important cell components. All microorganisms can synthesize their own purines and pyrimidines.
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LIPID SYNTHESIS
A variety of lipids are found in microorganism, particularly in cell membranes. Most contain fatty acids or their derivatives. Fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by the fatty acid synthetase complex with acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as a substrates and NADPH as the reductant
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GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
GLUCOSE ADP ATP GLUCOSE-6PHOSPHATE ATP ACTIVATION

GLUCOSE-GLUCOSEGLUCOSE

G ADPL GLUCOSE-1GLUCOSE Y PHOSPHATE GLUCOSE-GLUCOSEC GLUCOSE-GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE O G ADP E Introduction to Microbilogy 51 N POLYMERIZATION Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

PENGATURAN METABOLISME

1. Regulation of gene expression (the amount of an enzyme) 2. Regulates the activity of an enzyme or a protein (allosteric proteins)

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PENGHAMBAT ALOSTERIK
S S

Bag aktif

E
I

Bag penangkap penghambat

E S I

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END-PRODUCT INHIBITION

a feedback mechanism

THE END PRODUCT OF THE PATHWAY IS THE ALLOSTERIC EFFECTOR

Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

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END-PRODUCT INHIBITION

A E1
B

E1 E2

E2
C E3 D E4
Introduction to Microbilogy Metabolism by E. KUSDIYANTINI

E3 E4
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ALLOSTERIC ACTIVATION

GLUCOSE
ACTIVATION

GLYCOGEN

GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY

METABOLIC INTERMEDIATE (an allosteric effector)

PYRUVATE

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