Digital Signal

Chapter 14

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Chapter Objectives
Differentiate between analog and digital signals

Describe the positive and negative logic

Describe the application of digital signals Identify the types of digital integrated circuits

Classify the logic families

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Recall
The base of decimal number system is 10

The base of a hexadecimal number system is 16.

The octal number system uses digits from 0 to 7 BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal and ASCII code

stands for The American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange EASCII is of 8 bits

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Analog Signals - I
An analog signal is an AC or DC voltage or current

that varies smoothly or continuously

Analog signals are more accurate compared to digital

signals, as digital signals are sampled outputs of analog signals at specific time intervals whereas analog signals are continuous in nature
The primary disadvantage of analog signals is that

these signals are responsible to interference which causes noise in the signal leading to data loss and distortion
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Analog Signals - II
Given below is diagrammatic representation of the

types of analog signals

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Question for GD

Time Limit-2mins

Where do we use analog signals?

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Digital signals - I
Digital signals are essentially a series of pulses or

rapidly changing voltage levels that vary in discrete steps or increments

These are pulses of voltage that usually switch

between two fixed levels

Digital signals are represented by binary numbers

(0's and 1's) in most of the applications

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Digital signals - II
Digital signals support various data compression

methods such as audio and video compression. Hence, transmission of digital signals require less bandwidth compared to analog signals
Data in the form of digital signals can be stored easily

on a variety of less expensive data carriers

Electronic circuits that process digital signals are

called digital, logic, or pulse circuits

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Digital signals - III

Given below is the diagrammatic representation of

the types of digital signals

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Question for GD

Time Limit-2mins

What is the difference between analog and

digital signal?

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Positive and Negative Logic -I

The following are the two basic types of logic level

representations: Positive Logic - When the more positive of two voltage levels is assigned to the binary 1 state, it is referred to as positive logic.

Negative Logic - When the negative or least positive of two voltage levels is assigned to the binary 1 state, it is referred to as negative logic.

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Positive and Negative Logic - II

Examples of positive and negative logic are

illustrated in the table below:

Positive Logic Negative Logic

Binary 0 = +0.5V
Binary 1 = +3.5V Binary 0 = -6.0V Binary 1 = 0.0V
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Binary 0 = +3.5V
Binary 1 = +0.5V Binary 0 = 0.0V Binary 1 = -6.0V
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Applications of digital signal - I

Digital signals are used in a wide range of

technologies as it supports various data transmission methods, cost-effective data storage facilities and other features.
Following are some of the applications of digital

signals: Audio signal processing

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Applications of digital signal - II

Speech processing

Speech recognition Speech synthesis Speech enhancement Speech coding Digital image processing Audio compression

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Applications of digital signal - III

Video compression

Digital communications
Computer animation RADAR

SONAR

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Question for GD

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What are the applications of Digital Signal?

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Digital Integrated Circuits (ICs)

A digital integrated circuit, also called as a chip, is a

small electronic device made out of the semiconductor material that consists of electronic components like transistors, logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers and other circuits.
They are used for variety of devices including

microprocessor, cellular phone, audio and video equipments automobiles and many more digital equipments.

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Types of Digital Integrated Circuits (ICs) - I

The following are the different types of digital

integrated circuits: SSI (Small-Scale Integration) MSI (Medium-Scale Integration) LSI (Large-Scale Integration) VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration)

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Types of Digital Integrated Circuits (ICs) - II

VVLSI (Very Very Large-Scale Integration) Wafer-Scale Integration (WSI) System-on-a-chip (SoC or SOC) Nanotechnology

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Question for GD

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What is the difference between SSI and MSI?

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Logic families - I
Logic families are widely categorized as bipolar and

unipolar logic families

The main elements of bipolar IC are resistors, diodes

and transistor
The following are the two types of bipolar ICs:

Saturated Logic - Transistors in the IC are driven to saturation Non-saturated Logic - Transistors are not driven into saturation
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Logic families - II
The saturated bipolar logic families are resistor-

transistor logic, direct-coupled transistor logic, integrated-injection logic, diode-transistor logic, highthreshold logic and transistor-transistor logic
The non-saturated bipolar logic families are Schottky

TTL and Emitter-coupled logic

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Logic families - III

MOS devices are unipolar devices and only

MOSFETs are employed in MOS logic circuits. The MOS logic families consist of PMOS, NMOS and CMOS
In PMOS only p-channel MOSFETs are used and in

NMOS only n-channel MOSFETs are used whereas in CMOS both p-channel and n-channel MOSFETs are employed and are fabricated on the same silicon chip

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Question for GD

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What is the difference between Saturated and

Non-saturated logic families

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Summary - I
Electronic signals and techniques are of two types:

analog and digital

An analog signal is an AC or DC voltage or current

that varies continuously

Digital signals are a series of rapidly changing

voltage levels that vary in discrete steps

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Summary - II
A positive logic is used when the more positive of two

voltage levels is assigned to the binary 1 state

A negative logic is used when the negative or least

positive of two voltage levels is assigned to the binary 1 state.

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Summary - III
The various applications of digital signals are audio

signal processing, speech processing, digital image processing, audio and video compression, digital communications, computer animation, RADAR and SONAR
A digital integrated circuit is a small electronic device

that consists of electronic components like transistors, logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits

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Summary - IV
Logic families are categorized into bipolar and

unipolar logic families

Bipolar logic is of two types: Saturated and non-

saturated logic
MOS devices are unipolar devices. The MOS logic

families consist of PMOS, NMOS, and CMOS

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Mind Map
Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter

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