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So why pay ?
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price
toll quality
with mobility
BE But what does QoS mean and why are we willing to pay for it ?
QoS
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Theodore Vail Theodore Who? Son of Alfred Vail (Morses coworker) Ex-General Superintendent of US Railway Mail Service First general manager of Bell Telephone Father of the PSTN Why is he so important? Organized PSTN Established principle of reinvestment in R&D Established Bell Telephones IPR division Executed merger with Western Union to form AT&T Solved the main technological problems use of copper wire use of twisted pairs Organized telephony as a service (like the postal service!)
Vailism is the philosophy that public services should be run as closed centralized monopolies for the public good
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infrastructure maintenance while the Bell company is responsible only for providing functioning telephones
In the Vail model the customer pays a monthly fee but the provider assumes responsibility for everything including fault repair and performance maintenance
the telephone company owns the telephone sets and even the wires in the walls !
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Availability (basic connectivity) always influences QoE It is hard to predict the effect of the other parameters on QoE even when there is only one application (e.g., voice) When multiple applications are in use - it may be impossible
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Some Applications
System traffic routing protocols, DNS, DHCP, time delivery, system update, OAM, tunneling and VPN setup
Communications non-interactive email, broadcast programming, music video : progressive download, live streaming, interactive
Information gathering http(s), Web 2.0, file transfer Recreational gaming, p2p file transfer Malicious DoS, malware injection, illicit information retrieval
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Monitoring an SLA
The Service Providers justification for payment is the maintenance of an SLA To ensure SLA compliance, the SP must : monitor the SLA parameters take action if parameter is dropping below compliance levels But how does the SP verify/ensure that the SLA is being met ? Monitoring is carried out using Operations, Administration, Maintenance (OAM) The customer too may use OAM to see that the SP is compliant !
Technical note: OAM is a user-plane function but may influence control and management plane operations for example OAM may trigger protection switching, but doesnt switch OAM may detect provisioned links, but doesnt provision them
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1. Fault Monitoring OAM runs continuously/periodically at required rate detection and reporting of anomalies, defects, and failures used to trigger mechanisms in the control plane (e.g. protection switching) and management plane (alarms) required for maintenance of basic connectivity (availability)
2. Performance Monitoring OAM run : before enabling a service on-demand or per schedule measurement of performance criteria (delay, PDV, etc.) required for maintenance of all other QoE attributes
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Early OAM
Analog channels and 64 kbps digital channels did not have mechanisms to check signal validity and quality Thus major faults could go undetected for long periods of time hard to characterize and localize faults when reported minor defects might be unnoticed indefinitely As PDH networks evolved, more and more OAM was added on : monitoring for valid signal loopbacks defect reporting alarm indication/inhibition The OAM overhead started to explode in size !
When SONET/SDH was designed bounded overhead was reserved for OAM functions
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Ethernet OAM
For many years there was no OAM for Ethernet (LANs dont need OAM) now there are two incompatible ones! Link layer OAM 802.3 clause 57 (EFM OAM, 802.3ah) single link only slow protocol, limited functionality some management functions Service OAM Y.1731, 802.1ag (CFM) any network configuration multilevel OAM functionality In some cases one may need to run both while in others only service OAM makes sense Link layer OAM is only for a single link, which is necessarily CO Service OAM is most frequently used for infrastructure networks, which are also CO
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This is because :
MPLS does not use absolute addresses MPLS packets do not carry source addresses when using LDP MPLS is not pure CO LSPs are unidirectional entities
The IETF has defined LSP ping that provides basic OAM
continuity trace route
The ITU defined Y.1711, but it has not seen widespread use
The MPLS community is now working on MPLS-TP which is basically MPLS + strong OAM (FM + PM)
What about IP ?
It makes sense to monitor IP (IPv4/IPv6) performance as well IP is the most popular end-to-end protocol IP connectivity can be purchased (although perhaps not widely with SLAs) But from the OAM point of view, IP is the hardest of all the IP protocol suite does not define anything beneath L3 IP is always pure ConnectionLess In certain cases it may make more sense to jump directly to application flows
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IP OAM
For IP, one usually talks about OAM between end-points
The IETF defines an all-purpose OAM+control protocol : ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol a protocol for FM : BFD Bidirectional Forwarding Detection and two sophisticated protocols for PM : OWAMP One Way Active Measurement Protocol TWAMP Two Way Active Measurement Protocol
OWAMP and TWAMP are the only OAM protocols with full security features !
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Summary
It is advantageous to run networks as provided services Service Provider income depends on SLA compliance SLA compliance requires OAM FM and PM OAM protocols now exist for all relevant technologies : TDM SDH Ethernet MPLS IP Ethernet is leading in OAM functionality, but MPLS-TP is rapidly catching up IP can not have FM tools as robust as Ethernet/MPLS but already has more sophisticated PM ones
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