THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE AND THERMAL POWER PLANTS

BY SONSY HEARTSON ROLL NO.3

THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
A thermodynamic cycle consists of a series of

thermodynamic process transferring heat and work, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables, eventually returning a system to its initial state

TYPES OF CYCLES
Power cycles Heat pump cycles Refrigeration cycles

POWER CYCLES

POWER CYCLES
I C engines Power plants

POWER PLANT CYCLE

BRAYTON CYCLE

RANKINE CYCLE
COMBINED CYCLE

BRAYTON CYCLE
Used to model gas turbine stations Gas turbines are used as stationary power plants to

generate electricity as stand-alone units or in conjunction with steam power plants on the hightemperature side
The exhaust gases serve as a heat source for the

steam

BRAYTON CYCLE
Fresh air at ambient conditions is drawn into the

compressor, where its temperature and pressure are raised The high-pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber, where the fuel is burned at constant pressure The resulting high-temperature gases then enter the turbine, where they expand to the atmospheric pressure through a row of nozzle vanes

BRAYTON CYCLE
This expansion causes the turbine blade to spin,

which then turns a shaft inside a magnetic coil When the shaft is rotating inside the magnetic coil, electrical current is produced

EFFICIENCY

Coefficients . . .

K=specific heat ratio

Rp= p2/p1

TS and PV dig

RANKINE CYCLE
Process 1-2: Water from the condenser at low

pressure is pumped into the boiler at high pressure. This process is reversible adiabatic. Process 2-3: Water is converted into steam at constant pressure by the addition of heat in the boiler. Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of steam in the steam turbine. Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser to convert condensate into water.

RANKINE CYCLE

TS DIAGRAM

PV DIAGRAM

COMBINED GAS CYCLE

Combine cycle (CCGT) power-generating system

consists of a gas turbine, Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs), generators, controls, and a steam turbine Combined cycle systems typically are an optimized system of high technology power generating equipment, software, and services that are integrated into the equipment to create an economical and stable power generating facility

COMBINED CYCLE

EFFICIENCY

EFFICIENCY

COMBINED CYCLE DIAGRAM

HEAT PUMP AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES

Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration

cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators A heat pump is a machine or device that moves heat from one location (the 'source') at a lower temperature to another location (the 'sink' or 'heat sink') at a higher temperature using mechanical work or a high-temperature heat source

CONTD. . . .
Thus a heat pump may be thought of a "heater" if the

objective is to warm the heat sink (as when warming the inside of a home on a cold day), or a "refrigerator" if the objective is to cool the heat source (as in the normal operation of a freezer)

VAPOUR-COMPRESSION CYCLE
A circulating refrigerant such as Freon enters the compressor as a vapour The vapour is compressed at constant entropy and exits the compressor superheated The superheated vapour travels through the condenser which first cools and removes the superheat and then condenses the vapour into a liquid by removing additional heat at constant pressure and temperature

CONTD . . . .
The liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion

valve (also called a throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash evaporation and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid

BLOCK DIAGRAM

TS DIAGRAM

THERMAL POWER PLANT

A thermal power station is a power plant in which

the prime mover is steam driven Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated

Highest possible efficiency is 50% with combined gas cycle

TYPES OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

FOSSIL FUELLED

NUCLEAR
SOLAR GEOTHERMAL

FOSSIL FUELLED THERMAL POWER PLANT

A fossil-fuel power station is a power station that

burns fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas or petroleum (oil) to produce electricity In a fossil fuel power plant the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas or oil shale) and oxygen of the air is converted successively into thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy for continuous use and distribution across a wide geographic area

FOSSIL FUELLED THERMAL POWER PLANT

SURFACE CONDENSER

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Carbon dioxide

Particulate matter
Radioactive trace elements Water and air contamination by coal ash

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Nuclear reactors convert the thermal energy released

from nuclear fission A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction The energy released in the fission process generates heat, some of which can be converted into usable energy i.e. electricity (Fusion reactor is not widely used)

LAYOUT

ADVANCED REACTORS
Integral Fast Reactor (IFR)

High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGCR)

Small Sealed Transportable Autonomous Reactor

(SSTAR) Clean And Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR) Hydrogen Moderated Self-regulating Nuclear Power Module (HPM)

SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT

Solar thermal energy (STE) is a technology for

harnessing solar energy for thermal energy Solar thermal collectors are classified as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors Solar radiation is concentrated by mirrors or lenses to obtain high temperatures a technique called Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) The practical effect of high efficiencies is to reduce the plant's collector size and total land use per unit power generated

GEOTHERMAL PLANTS
Geothermal electricity is electricity generated from

geothermal energy Geothermal power is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small compared with the Earth's heat content Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary from 35 to 2,000 GW.[2] Current worldwide installed capacity is 10,715 megawatts (MW), with the largest capacity in the United States (3,086 MW)

TYPES
Dry steam power plants: Dry steam plants are

the simplest and oldest design. They directly use geothermal steam of 150C or more to turn turbines Flash steam power plants: Flash steam plants pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lowerpressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180C, usually more. This is the most common type of plant in operation today

DRY STEAM

FLASH STEAM

Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station in Iceland