Digestive System Project Part B

Learning Guide 8/9

Meal: Dinner
Foot-Long Chicken and Bacon Ranch Sub: Chicken breast strips Monterey Cheddar cheese Bacon Lettuce Tomato Onions Green bell peppers Bread Ranch dressing Cookie Dough Blizzard: Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Soft-serve Ice Cream Fudge

Carbohydrates
Lettuce Tomato Onion Peppers Bread

Proteins
Chicken breast Monterey Cheddar cheese

Lipids
Bacon Ranch Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Ice Cream Fudge

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates (including lettuce, tomato, onions, peppers, and bread) begin the digestive process in the mouth. Physical digestion begins with chewing of teeth. The chemical digestion with enzyme, salivary amylase, from the salivary glands, breaks down starch and glycogen into disaccharides. Salivary glands also secrete a mucus which coats the food and makes swallowing easier. The food (bolus) is forced into the pharynx by the tongue. As the bolus is swallowed, it moves into the esophagus, which offers passage from the pharynx to the stomach.

Proteins
Proteins, including chicken and cheese, begins the digestive process in the mouth. Physical digestion occurs with the chewing of the teeth. Salivary glands also secrete a mucus which coats the food and makes swallowing easier. The food (bolus) is forced into the pharynx by the tongue. As the bolus is swallowed, it moves into the esophagus, which offers passage from the pharynx to the stomach.

Lipids
Lipids, including bacon, ranch dressing, chocolate chip cookie dough, ice cream and fudge, begin the digestive process in the mouth. Physical digestion occurs with the chewing of the teeth. Salivary glands also secrete a mucus which coats the food and makes swallowing easier. The food (bolus) is forced into the pharynx by the tongue. As the bolus is swallowed, it moves into the esophagus, which offers passage from the pharynx to the stomach.

Stomach

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates continue the digestive process in the stomach (entering through the cardiac sphincter, which must relax in order to allow food entrance). Physical digestion occurs once mores as the stomach mixes and churns the food. The bolus becomes chyme, a mix of a paste-like bolus and gastric juices. Then the chyme travels through the pyloric sphincter into the first section of the small intestine, called the duodenum.

Proteins
Proteins continue the digestive process in the stomach (entering through the cardiac sphincter, which must relax in order to allow food entrance). The stomachs gastric glands begin releasing mucus, water, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen. As pepsinogen comes into contact with HCl it becomes the enzyme pepsin, which helps break the protein away from its amino acid molecule. After about 4 hours, the muscles in the stomach wall pushes the chyme through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine.

Lipids
Lipids continue the digestive process in the stomach (entering through the cardiac sphincter, which must relax in order to allow food entrance). Physical digestion occurs once more as the stomach mixes and churns the food, crushing the lipids into even smaller pieces, turning the bolus into chyme. For the most part, lipids remain unchanged until they reach the small intestine, although a small amount of short chain triglycerides from butterfat are digested in the stomach by the enzyme tributyrase, a gastric lipase.

Small Intestine

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates continue the digestive process in the small intestine, which they entered through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum. The enzyme pancreatic amylase is released through the pancreatic duct. This splits molecules of starch and glycogen into disaccharides. The interior wall of the small intestine is covered with villi, which increase the surface area of the intestine and play a large part in the absorption of nutrients. The epithelial cells of the villi contain even small projections called microvilli. Within the microvilli are enzymes needed to further break down carbohydrates, such as sucrase, maltase, and lactase, which break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides. These monosaccharides are then absorbed by the villi and enter the blood capillaries to be transported to other parts of the body.

Proteins
Proteins continue the digestive process in the small intestine, which they entered through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum. When the chyme enters the duodenum a hormone called cholecystokinin is released from the intestinal walls, which stimulates the release of pancreatic juice, which contains three enzymes, including trypsinogen. When the trypsinogen comes in contact with an enzyme called enterokinase the activation of trypsin occurs. Trypsin and two other enzymes (chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase) work together to break down the proteins. The enzyme peptidase is secreted, which then begins to split peptide bonds into amino acids. Smaller particles of amino acids are absorbed through the villi, and are carried away by the blood.

Lipids
Lipids continue the digestive process in the small intestine, which they entered through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum. As the chyme enters the duodenum the gallbladder is stimulated to release bile through the common bile duct. Bile is used to emulsify fats (breaking them down into smaller droplets), which allows lipids to be digested more effectively. The same enzyme that stimulated the gallbladder (Cholecystokinin) also stimulates the release of pancreatic juices, which includes pancreatic lipase; the enzyme that initiates the breaking down of lipids. Intestinal lipase is also released, which breaks the lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids dissolve in the epithelial cell membranes of the villi and diffuse into them. Some fatty acids may be absorbed directly into the blood capillary, without being converted back into fat, however others may be incorporated into large molecules of lipoprotein for transportation.

Liver

Carbohydrates
The liver plays an important part in the digestion of carbohydrates. It changes glycogen to glucose to increase the blood glucose level. It also changes glucose to glycogen to lower the blood glucose level. It is also capable of converting noncarbohydrates into glucose if needed.

Proteins
The liver plays an important part in the digestion of proteins. It can convert amino acids to glucose by removing the amino acids, using them to form urea nitrogen (deamination). Also synthesizes certain blood proteins and converts certain amino acids into other amino acids.

Lipids
The liver plays an important part in the digestion of lipids. It oxidizes fatty acids, synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol, and converts portions of carbohydrates and protein molecules into fat molecules.

Pancreas

Pancreas
Lies deep in abdominal cavity Secretes insulin and glucagon (hormones that keep the blood glucose level within normal limits) Produces pancreatic juices which contains sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes (sodium bicarbonate neutralizes chyme). Endocrine gland secretes insulin and glucagon. Endocrine tissue is called pancreatic islets Insulin is secreted when blood glucose level is high (usually right after eating) Produces digestive enzymes such as pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase, and nuclease.

Large Intestine

Large Intestine
Absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins Stores indigestible material until it is eliminated at the anus. The rectum is the last 20cm of the large intestine, which opens at the anus. The anus is where defecation (expulsion of feces) occurs.

Pictures
Digestive System Picture: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dOJGn2J-VHg/S__QuzNnadI/AAAAAAAAAXg/91HjB4fTcew/s1600/Human-Digestive-System-Picture.jpg Subway Picture: http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/10/1007_americas_fattiest_fast_foods/image/014_subway.jpg Dairy Queen Picture: http://blog.dairyqueen.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/DQ10Q4081P_CookieDough_28_3x3.jpg Carbohydrates Picture: http://www.quemark.com/images/stories/what/what-are-carbohydrates.jpg Protein Picture: http://dietsindetails.com/userfiles/protein.jpg Lipid Picture: http://media.sbs.com.au/news/thm/articlemain/9060_bacon-sundae-burger-king-120613-aap-b.jpg Mouth Picture: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg

References
Information on Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids: http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&sqi= 2&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Findex.php%2 Fdownload_file%2F1544%2F7%2F&ei=NnWpUK2SIbH4igLQtoDoDg&usg=AFQjCNHj rCH68tMjKc0G9wqQCoRx23sMcg&sig2=ANYfnOei4SbVQVpHvlAgsA

Information on Proteins: http://library.thinkquest.org/11226/main/c14txt.htm

Information on Lipids: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2005/ Castle/page3.htm