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HISTORY
Robert Hooke (1665) was first discovered the cell structure of plant He examined fine slices of cork with a primitive microscope He saw many box-like structures , then he called cells, from Latin for little rooms.
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ORGANELLES specialised structures which are each surrounded by its own membrane & perform specific function
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
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CYTOPLASM
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CELL WALL
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NUCLEUS
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RIBOSOME
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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VACUOLE
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MITOCHONDRIA
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CHLOROPLAST
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LYSOSOMES
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CENTRIOLES
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ANIMAL CELL
DIFFERENCES
SIZE SHAPE
PLANT CELL
CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST
VACUOLES
FOOD STORAGE
CENTRIOLES CILIA & FLAGELLA
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The number of specific organelles in a cell varies on __________and its _________. Active cell many ____________to provide enough ____________for its activities. Eg. : ______________________________________
Cell in __________________________________ Green plants more ___________to carry out _________________such as __________________
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EXERCISE 2.1
1. What are the organelle structures of a cell? 2. What are the functions of each structure describe above?
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Predict the state of certain cells without a particular component. Illustrate that most cells are specialised for the job that they perform.
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The diversity of cell structure & function are due to cellular specialisation & division of labour. For example, -
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NUCLEUS
RIBOSOME
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MITOCHONDRION
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GOLGI APPARATUS
Cell cannot secrete digestive enzymes, hormones & mucin. Lysosomes cannot be produced.
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LYSOSOMES VACUOLES
CHLOROPLAST
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CELL WALL
PLASMA MEMBRANE
No regulation of substances
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the necessity for cell specialisation in multicellular organisms as compared to unicellular organisms To describe cell specialisation in multicellular organisms To describe cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs & systems in multicellular organisms.
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CELL ORGANISATION
Organisms are divided into 2 : unicellular organisms & multicellular organisms Unicellular organisms :- single-cell organisms such as Amoeba sp. & Paramecium sp. Each cell is able to carry out all the functions of life independently. Multicellular organisms :- larger organisms with more than one cell Need many different types of cells to carry out all the different functions of life Each cell has to change in shape & form during cell specialisation to become specific cells in order to perform different functions
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Amoeba sp.
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Paramecium sp.
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REPRODUCTION
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MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
Organisms that have more than one cell More complex than unicellular organisms Need many different types of cells to carry out their life process. Achieved through cell specialisation and cell organisation.
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CELL SPECIALISATION
Achieved through the process of DIFFERENTIATION ____________________ ________________________________ _______________________________ Each type of cell performs only one specific function. This is known as division of labour. Through these, different functions in the body can be performed at the same time and can be carried out smoothly and efficiently.
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CELL
Basic units of life in all organisms. The structural features of cells are related to their functions. Cells undergo differentiation to acquire special structures and become specialised cells with specific functions.
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TISSUES
A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function Four main types of animal tissues : epithelial tissues, nervous tissues, muscle tissues & connective tissues. Mnemonic (EN.MyC) The four main types of plant tissues : epidermis tissue, meristem tissue, vascular tissue & ground tissue MNEMONIC EM..VideoGames!
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Characteristics
Consist of epithelial cells arranged in a continuous layer
Functions
Cover the body
Protect the underlying Absorb Form secretory gland Nervous tissues Consist of nerve cells called neuron Found in brain and spinal cord Send & receive
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Muscle tissues
Connective tissues
Consist of Blood,
Can store
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Characteristic
Functions
Consisting of one Covers the entire surface of the layer of cells plant Examples : Protect underlying tissues from Reduces Epidermal cells of leaf differentiate to become guard cells while those at the root, become ___________
Meristem tissue Consists if undifferentiated cells which are able to divide Occurs at
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Vascular tissue
Transport water & mineral salts from roots to the stems & leaves by Transport dissolved nutrients such as glucose from the leaves to the roots & stems by Xylems tissues
Ground tissue
Consists of
Produces food
Provides
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4. Sclerenchyma is
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ORGANS
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function Examples of organs in animal: heart, kidneys, lungs, skin & stomach. Examples of organs in plant : leaves, stems, roots & flowers. Certain organ perform more than one function.
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SYSTEMS
Several organs which work together to carry out a specific function The human body has twelve different systems All the system work together to form an organism Flowering plant has two main systems : root system, shoot system
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INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT :
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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID :
HOMEOSTASIS : the process to regulate the physical & chemical factors in the internal environment so that it is always constant & at its optimal condition for the cells to function efficiently
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They work together as an integrated & coordinated unit. To stay alive, the cells in a multicellular organism must remain bathed in a FLUID that offers nutrients & carries away metabolic wastes.
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The combined contributions of individual cells, organs & organ systems help maintain the STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT required for individual cell survival. Any increase in the value of a physical or chemical factor will trigger the homeostatic mechanism to bring it back to normal (negative feedback mechanism)
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CHEMICAL FACTORS
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BODY TEMPERATURE
To regulates & maintains human body temperature at 37oC.
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Excretion and Homeostasis - Excretion means the removal of waste products from cells. - There are five important excretory organs in humans: 1. Skin :excretes sweat 2. Lungs : excrete 3. Liver ; excretes bile,
4. Gut : excretes (The bulk of faeces comprises plant fibre and bacterial cells, which have never been absorbed into the body, so are not excreted but egested.)