LEARNING OUTCOMES

Predict the state of certain cells without a particular component. Illustrate that most cells are specialised for the job that they perform.

Appreciating the Uniqueness of the Cell

A living cell is a basic unit of life. Cells are characterised by both uniformity & diversity in terms of structure & function.

Living cells resemble one another in fundamental ways :

All cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable plasma membrane They have double-stranded DNA which carry genetic information Ribosomes are present to function as sites for protein synthesis.

 The diversity of cell structure & function are due to cellular specialisation & division of labour. For example,
The flight muscle cells of the pigeon have many well-developed, highly active mitochondria to produce energy for locomotion The human pancreatic cells are highly specialised to secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes & hormones. The cells have many well-developed rough & smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus & mitochondria.

THE SECRETION OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES IN AN ANIMAL CELL

1. DNA on chromosome in nucleus carries genetic information. Production of mRNA Energy (ATP) generated by mitochondria Proteins are synthesised at ribosomes Proteins transported by RER. Proteins depart from ER wrapped in transport vesicles Transport vesicles fuse with Golgi apparatus which modifies & packages the proteins. Secretory vesicles contain inactive enzyme (proenzyme). Secretory vesicles fuse with the PM & enzymes are secreted outside the cell.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9.

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET CONDITION OF THE CELL No protein & enzyme synthesis Cellular activities cannot be carried out. No cell division Cell dies No protein synthesis Growth is inhibited Enzymes, antibodies & some hormones cannot be produced.

NUCLEUS

RIBOSOME

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET CONDITION OF THE CELL No aerobic respiration Energy not released for cellular activities

MITOCHONDRION

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Transportation of proteins synthesised by ribosome does not occur.

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CONDITION OF THE CELL synthesis & transport of lipids cannot be carried

GOLGI APPARATUS

Cell cannot secrete digestive enzymes, hormones & mucin. Lysosomes cannot be produced.

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET CONDITION OF THE CELL
No intracellular digestion of food, worn out organelled, old or damaged cells. Plant cell loses its shape & turgidity No space to store soluble food & waste products No photosynthesis

LYSOSOMES VACUOLES

CHLOROPLAST

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET CONDITION OF THE CELL
Plant cell lost its shape, absorb water & burst.

CELL WALL

PLASMA MEMBRANE

No regulation of substances