Fon 241 Chapter 3

Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
Chapter 3
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
To become part of your body, food must first be digested and absorbed.
Digestion: The process by which food is broken down into absorbable nutrients
Absorption: The passage of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract:
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Salivary glands Pharynx Epiglottis Upper esophageal sphincter
Mouth
Trachea (to lungs)
Esophagus
Lower esophageal sphincter Stomach Liver Gall bladder Pyloric sphincter Bile duct Ileocecal valve Appendix Rectum Anus Pancreas Pancreatic duct Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Large intestine (colon)
Start at the beginning

The mouth- Teeth crush your food; saliva blends with the food.
The Teeth
Incisors have chiseled edges that cut Canines (cuspids) have pointed crowns that tear Premolars (bicuspids) and molars have ridged surfaces that crush and grind Tongue
The Teeth
Enamel Crown Dentin
Pulp cavity
Neck Gum (gingiva) Bone Root Blood vessels and nerves in pulp Root canal
Digestion:
Pharynx- Tube shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.
Epiglottis- Cartilage that prevents food from entering the lungs during swallowing.
Normal Swallowing and Choking
Tongue
Food
Larynx rises
Esophagus (to stomach)
Epiglottis closes over larynx
Trachea (to lungs)
Next
Esophagus- the food pipe; a long tube that carries a food bolus from the pharynx to the stomach. Preventive measures: Esophageal sphincters two sphincters on each end of the esophagus. They function to: 1. Upper ES- allow food into the esophagus 2. Lower ES- allow food into the stomach and prevents backflow of stomach contents.
An Example of a Sphincter Muscle

Esophagus Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle Esophagus muscles relax, opening the passageway.
Stomach
Diaphragm muscles relax, opening the passageway.
Esophagus muscles contract, squeezing on the inside. Diaphragm muscles contract, squeezing on the outside.
When the circular muscles of a sphincter contract, the passage closes; when they relax, the passage opens. FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
What happens in the stomach?

A bolus enters the stomach via the lower esophageal sphincter. The stomach gradually transfers the bolus from the upper portion to the lower portion of the stomach. Stomach acids are added and the food is ground by muscular forces The bolus is now called chyme. The stomach slowly releases chyme through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine.
Stomach Muscles
Longitudinal
Circular
Diagonal
The stomach has three layers of muscles.

Still going
Small intestine: Made of three parts1. The duodenum 2. The jejunum 3. The ileum In beginning of the small intestine, fluids from the gallbladder and pancreas, flow through the common bile duct and interact with the chyme. The chyme then moves through the 3 parts of the small intestine.
The Small Intestine
Pyloric Sphincter
The surface area of the small intestine is roughly the size of a tennis court.
And going through the large intestine

Chyme passes through the Ileocecal valve, the entrance to the large intestine. Chyme bypasses the appendix.
Chyme travels through the large intestine; water is withdrawn and a semi-solid mass forms.
The mass moves to the rectum; rectal muscles relax. 2 sphincters of the anus relax, thus passing the mass through the anus.
The Colon or Large Intestine

Transverse colon
Ascending colon
Opening from small intestine to large intestine
End of small intestine Descending colon
Appendix
Rectum Anus Sigmoid colon
The whole picture:
Esophagus Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine
The Digestive Fate of a Sandwich

MOUTH: CHEWING AND SWALLOWING, WITH LITTLE DIGESTION
STOMACH: COLLECTING AND CHURNING, WITH SOME DIGESTION
The Digestive Fate of a Sandwich

SMALL INTESTINE: DIGESTING AND ABSORBING
LARGE INTESTINE: REABSORBING AND ELIMINATING
How does food move through?

Peristalsis- wavelike muscular contractions that push contents along. Segmentation- the circular muscles of the small intestine rhythmically squeeze and contract the contents; chyme is mixed with digestive juices, etc. Sphincter contractions- opening and closing of a sphincter to allow contents to enter or exit.
Peristalsis and Segmentation
Digestive Secretions:
Source
Salivary Glands Stomach Pancreas Liver (via gallbladder) Small intestine
Secretion
Saliva Gastric juice Pancreatic juice Bile Intestinal Flora
The Salivary Glands
Salivary glands
The pH Scale
pHs of common substances:
Basic 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 pH neutral 7 6 5 4 Baking soda Bile Pancreatic juice Blood Water Saliva Urine Coffee Orange juice Vinegar Lemon juice Gastric juice Household ammonia Concentrated lye Oven cleaner
3
2 1 Acidic

0 Battery acid
Absorption
The small intestine:
Villi- Small intestinal projections Microvilli- Microscopic hairs on the villi Crypts- crevices between the villi All of these components make up the massive absorptive area of the intestine.
Absorption of Nutrients
Outside cell
Carrier loads nutrient on outside of cell . . . Energy . . . and then releases it on inside of cell. FACILITATED DIFFUSION . . . and then releases it on inside of cell. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Carrier loads nutrient on outside of cell . . .
Cell membrane
Inside cell
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Absorption of nutrients into intestinal cells typically occurs by simple diffusion or active transport.
The Small Intestinal Villi

Stomach Folds with villi on them
Small intestine
Circular muscles Longitudinal muscles

Lymphatic vessel (lacteal)
Capillaries A villus Goblet cells
Crypts Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel
(contd next slide)

Microvilli
Nutrient Transport
The nutrient crosses the cell and can
1. Enter the blood stream (water soluble) or 2. Enter the lymphatic system
Water soluble nutrients and smaller fat products are released into the bloodstream. Larger fats, fat-soluble vitamins and turned into chylomicrons and released into the lymphatic system
The Vascular System

Head and upper body
Lungs Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Aorta Left side Heart
Right side
Hepatic vein
Hepatic artery
Liver Portal vein Digestive tract Lymph Entire body
= Arteries = Capillaries = Veins = Lymph vessels
The Vascular System

Blood delivers Oxygen and Nutrients to organs and tissues; CO2 and waste products are carried away by the blood.
The digestive system supplies nutrients to the blood.

Heart Arteries Veins
Capillaries
The Vascular System (cont.)

Blood leaving the digestive system is taken to the liver via a vein. The liver is the bodies major metabolic organ. It receives nutrients and other products from the digestive system; a gatekeeper.
Route of blood from intestines to heart.

Heart Arteries Capillaries (in intestines) Veins
Vein
Capillaries (in liver)
The Lymphatic System:

A route for fluid from tissue to enter the blood. Large fats and fat-soluble vitamins use the lymph system Ultimately end up in the heart Once in the blood stream, the nutrients can be delivered to cells, organs, etc.
Chylomicron: travels via the Lymphatic System

Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Common GI Problems
Choking- improper closing of the epiglottis, food lodged in the pharynx, etc. Vomiting- stomach contents expelled; sometimes the contents of the duodenum are expelled. Diarrhea- frequent loose stools, lack of absorption and increased water in the intestine; fast motility Constipation- inability to defecate
Common GI Problems (cont.)

Gas- excessive gas in the GI tract Belching-excessive gas in the stomach Reflux- relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing stomach acid to touch the lining of the esophagus Ulcers- erosion of the lining of the GI tract Diseases of the GI tract
Diverticula in the Colon
Diverticula (plural)
Diverticulum (singular)
Diverticula may develop anywhere along the GI tract, but are most common in the colon.
In-text Figure Page 74
Eat a variety of food to keep your gastrointestinal tract happy.


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Digestion, Absorption, and Transport

Anatomy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract:

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Gastrointestinal Tract

Salivary glands Pharynx Epiglottis Upper esophageal sphincter

Trachea (to lungs)

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

Start at the beginning

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

Normal Swallowing and Choking

Esophagus (to stomach)

Epiglottis closes over larynx

Trachea (to lungs)

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

An Example of a Sphincter Muscle

Longitudinal muscle Esophagus muscles relax, opening the passageway.

Diaphragm muscles relax, opening the passageway.

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

What happens in the stomach?

The stomach has three layers of muscles.

The Small Intestine

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

And going through the large intestine

The Colon or Large Intestine

Opening from small intestine to large intestine

End of small intestine Descending colon

The whole picture:

Esophagus Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Digestive Fate of a Sandwich

STOMACH: COLLECTING AND CHURNING, WITH SOME DIGESTION

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Digestive Fate of a Sandwich

LARGE INTESTINE: REABSORBING AND ELIMINATING

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

How does food move through?

Peristalsis and Segmentation

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Salivary Glands

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Small Intestinal Villi

Circular muscles Longitudinal muscles

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Small Intestinal Villi

Capillaries A villus Goblet cells

Crypts Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel

(contd next slide)

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Small Intestinal Villi

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Vascular System

Lungs Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Aorta Left side Heart

= Arteries = Capillaries = Veins = Lymph vessels

FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz

The Vascular System