Chap 1: Overview of digital microwave systems

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Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

1. Introduction 2. Characteristics and Classification The advantages & Disadvantages Characteristics of digital compare with analog microwave system Classification 3. Digital microwave network Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint 4. Digital microwave system model Block diagram ADC and DAC

Sampling Quantizing Encoding MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator Line code PSK QAM Reducing bandwidth

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Microwaves Microwaves systems

Microwaves
Microwaves are radio waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter . Wavelengths about from 1m to 1mm . Frequency from 0.3GHz to 30GHz . Use the range from 2 GHz to 23GHz in microwave information at stations (CCIR) .

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Microwaves Microwaves systems

Microwaves systems
There are communication systems with many channels at very high frequency range ( microwave ).

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

The advantages & Disadvantages Characteristics of digital compare with analog microwave system Classification

The advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages :
Flexibility Mobility Wide frequency range thus transmitted many channels Transmitter: low power Reduce noise from atmosphere noise, industrial noise, etc.

Disadvantages :
Can be affected by climate, weather, ground, trees, mountain, house, etc. Low transmission distance Multipath fading

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

The advantages & Disadvantages Characteristics of digital compare with analog microwave system Classification

Compare digital with analog microwave system

Advantage :
Higher data rate. Avoid to accumulated noise,because of using regenerative signal repeater. It can operate with C/N over 15dB while analog system require over 30dB. The same transmission capacity, the digital system has less the necessary transmission power than the analog system(Higher power efficiency) thus cheaper, sercurity and reliable.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

The advantages & Disadvantages Characteristics of digital compare with analog microwave system Classification

Compare digital with analog microwave system

Disadvantage :
Signal spectrum is wider than analog system. Information system will be stopped if S/N and BER arent reached the permitted value. This system is easily affected by nonlinear distortion , given by saturation characteristics of semiconductor components. However,these problems were overcome by applying technological advances such as multipoint digital modulation and by using reserve equipment and protect circuit.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

The advantages & Disadvantages Characteristics of digital compare with analog microwave system Classification

Classification
Based on frequency range:
Narrowband digital microwave : bit rates of 2Mbps, 4Mbps, 8Mbps with 30, 60, 120 channels respectively at frequency 0.4-1.5 GHz. Medium band digital microwave : bit rate of 8 34 Mbps with 120-480 channels at frequency 2-6 GHz. Broadband digital microwave : bit rate of 34-140 Mbps and more with 480-1920 channels at frequency 4, 6, 8, 12 GHz.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint

Point-to-point

High capacity :140Mb/s Frequency bands: 6Ghz, 11GHz, 19Ghz, 29Ghz

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint

Point-to-multipoint

Lower capacity than the point-to-point model. Frequency bands: 1.5GHz, 1.8GHz, 2.4GHz .

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Block diagram
FDM Codec Analog signal ADC MUX Modulator Transmitter

Data Channel Codec

Analog signal

DAC

De MUX

De Modulator

Receiver

Data

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

ADC and DAC

ADC: convert analog signal to digital signal DAC: convert digital signal to analog signal Block diagram :

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Block diagram of PCM

A PCM system will comprise of sampling, quantizing and encoding :

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting or recording the ordinate values of a continuous (usually analogue)function at specic (usually equally spaced) values of its abscissa. The frequency sampling must higher than twice the maximum frequency of the analog signal.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Quantizing
Quantizing is process of quantizing a PAM signal ,i.e. each pulse is adjusted in amplitude to coincide with the nearest of a nite set of allowed amplitudes, then the resulting signal is no longer analogue, but digital, and as a consequence has a discrete as illustrated in Figure :

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Encoding
Encoding is process of assigning 0s and 1s for the quantized voltage levels.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Mux and Demux

Mux : multiplexing digital signals from different sources to make baseband signal . Demux : demultiplexing separates digital signals from baseband signal.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Modulator and demodulator

Modulator :
Modulator is the process of varying one or more properties of a highfrequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted.

Demodulator :
Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modulated carrier wave.

Classification :
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) QAM (Quadrature Amplitude modulation)

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Line code
A line code is a code chosen for use within a communications system for baseband transmission purposes. Line coding is often used for digital data transport. The common types of line encoding are unipolar, polar, bipolar, and Manchester encoding. HDB3 and CMI are often used in microwaves systems.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Line code
Advantage of line coding :
DC component : DC component does not exist while using polar binary. Bandwidth : The more narrow the better. Save bandwidth of system and increase spectral effect. BER (Bit Error Rate) : The less the better.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Line code
HDB3 code
The high density bipolar of order 3 (HDB3) code replaces any instance of 4 consecutive 0 bits with one of the patterns "000V" or "B00V Regularity : 1-bits : used with bipolar encoding 0-bits : used with zero voltage 4 consecutive 0 bits : replaced with 000V or B00V so that the number of B bits between 2 consecutive V ( violative ) bits is odd

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Line code
CMI code
Coded mark inversion (CMI) is a non return to zero (NRZ) line code. Regularity : 0-Bits : a half bit time of negative level followed by a half bit time of positive level or contrary 1-Bits : a full bit time of a constant level, the level used for one bits alternates each time one is coded

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Phase-shift keying
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).

Set :

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Phase-shift keying

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Phase-shift keying
BER curves for BPSK, 8-PSK and 16-PSK, AWGN channel. Comment: The more phases, the more decrease of BER if they are equal at SNR. With the increase of the number of phases, the system's posibility of errors increases when bit combinations are closer.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Quadrature amplitude modulation

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. The resulting waveform is a combination of both phase-shift keying (PSK) and amplitudeshift keying (ASK)

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Quadrature amplitude modulation

QAM transmitter : QAM receiver :

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Quadrature amplitude modulation

16 - QAM 64 QAM

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Quadrature amplitude modulation

Comparing 16PSK vs 16QAM for symbol error rate Nhn xt : At a same level of symbol error probability, the SNR of QAM is higher than QPSK's. QAM has more noise resistance than QPSK.

Outline Introduction Characteristics and Classification Digital microwave network Digital microwave system

Block diagram ADC and DAC MUX and DEMUX Modulator and demodulator

Reducing Bandwidth
Nyquist theorem :

With M-level (M-QAM or M-PSK) modulation, bandwidth is reduced :

Reduction of bandwidth is proportional to log2M