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Introduction
What is a timer?
A timer is an integrated circuit that uses an oscillator measure elapsed time or count/time an external event
What is an oscillator?
Oscillators are used to generate a signal that can regenerate and sustain itself Usually made of quartz crystal
Pin 2 Trigger
Input to the lower comparator and is used to set the latch which causes the output to go high Triggering happens when the voltage level is taken from above to below a voltage level of 1/3 V+
Pin 4 Reset
Used to reset the latch and return the output to a low state The reset voltage threshold is 0.7V+, and a sink current of 0.1mA
Pin 6 Threshold
Input into the upper comparator Used to reset the latch, which drives the output low
Pin 8 V+
The positive supply voltage terminal to the 555 timer IC
Timers
An external capacitor is used to determine the offon time intervals of the output pulses for all IC timers The time required for the capacitor to charge to 63.7% of the applied voltage is the time constant, t
t R C
Example:
R = 1M C = 1 mF t = 1,000,000 0.000001 = 1 second
Timer Types
Also Known As: Multivibrator
Multivibrators are a class of circuits that are designed to produce square waves or pulses.
Astable operation
One popular application of the 555 timer IC is an astable multivibrator or clock circuit. An astable circuit produces a 'square wave', this is a digital waveform with sharp transitions between low (0V) and high (+Vs). Note that the durations of the low and high states may be different. The circuit is called an astable because it is not stable in any state: the output is continually changing between 'low' and 'high'.
Astable operation
The time period (T) of the square wave is the time for one complete cycle, but it is usually better to consider frequency (f) which is the number of cycles per second. T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 and f = 1.4/[(R1 + 2R2) C1] T = time period in seconds (s) f = frequency in hertz (Hz) R1 = resistance in ohms () R2 = resistance in ohms () C1 = capacitance in farads (F) The time period can be split into two parts: T = Tm + Ts Mark time (output high): Tm = 0.7 (R1 + R2) C1 Space time (output low): Ts = 0.7 R2 C1
t 1 R1 R 2 D t R1 2R 2
t 1 ln( 2) R1 R 2 C t 2 ln( 2) R 2 C
t 1 R1 R 2 D t R1 2R 2
Applications of Timers
Timers are used for a variety of applications in many situations Required for any application requiring real-time control Can be used for both input and output timing Often multiple timers are needed for the various functions required for real-time control Timers are basically everywhere you look: watches, household appliances, manufacturing systems, basically anything automated
Applications of Timers
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a very common method of generating an analog signal
Requires the use of timers as well as interrupts Can be used to run DC motors
Applications of TIMER
Precision timing Pulse generation Sequential timing Time delay generation Pulse width modulation Pulse position modulation Linear ramp generator