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INTRODUCTION WHAT IS QR CODE? HOW DOES QR CODE WORK? BACKGROUND OF QR CODE DEVELOPMENT QR CODE STRUCTURE QR CODE SPECIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF QR CODE WORKING OF QR CODE QR CODE APPLICATIONS SIGNIFICANCE OF QR CODE DOWNSIDES OF QR CODE FUTURE SCOPE

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CONCLUSION

What is QR Code?
QR Code is a matrix code (or two-dimensional bar code) created by Japanese corporation Denso-Wave in 1994. The "QR" is derived from "Quick Response", as the creator intended the code to allow its contents to be decoded at high speed.

How Does It Work?

Data is translated into QR Code by QR Generator. QR Code is scanned by mobile camera phone having QR

Reader Software.
Software interprets the code. cell phone displays the text or ask for permission to launch a

browser to display the specified web page.

 In 1970,IBM developed UPC symbol consisting of 12 digits of no:

The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a linear barcode that is widely used for tracking trade items in stores. In 1974,Code 39 which can encode approx 30 digits of alphanumeric characters was developed Later it led to the development of Code 128,which can encode full ASCII In 1994,Multirow symbols were developed by extending multistage symbols and into matrix symbols where data were arranged in matrix. This matrix code is QR Code, contains 7000 digits of characters at max including Kanji characters.

The history of symbols

The development of the symbols

development of QR Code

 QR Code is a matrix type symbol with a cell structure arranged in a square. It consists of four functionality patterns.

 A) FINDER PATTERN: i) for detecting position, size and angle of QR Code ii) arranged at 3 corners

 B) ALIGNMENT PATTERN
i) for correcting distortion of QR Code ii) central coordinate of alignment pattern is identified to correct the distortion iii) black isolated cell placed in this pattern makes it easier to detect central coordinate of the pattern

 C) TIMING PATTERN

i) for identifying central coordinate of each cell.

ii) It is black and white patterns arranged alternately.

iii) for correcting central coordinate of data cell when it is distorted

 D) QUIET ZONE

i) Margin space is needed for reading QR Code ii) Makes it easier to detect the symbol from the image captured. iii) Four or more cells necessary for this zone.

 E) DATA AREA i) Has Reed-Solomon codes incorporated for the stored data and the error correction functionality. ii) Data is encoded into binary no's 0s and 1s. iii) Binary no 0 and 1 will be converted into black and white cells and then will be arranged.

 a) All-Direction (360) High-Speed Reading

Finder pattern is arranged in 3 corner The Ratio b/w black & white among scan line that runs the finder pattern is always 1:1:3:1:1,when seen from any direction among 3600 surrounding it.

By detecting this specific ratio, finder pattern can be detected from

image captured by CCD sensor.

Finder Patterns

Identifying a QR Code

 b) Resistant to Distorted Symbols

How Does a Symbol Get Distorted? When it is attached to curved surface or reader being tilted. To correct this distortion,

QR Code has alignment pattern arranged in regular interval in symbol

The variance b/w centre position of the alignment pattern estimated from outer shape of symbol & actual centre position of alignment pattern will be calculated to have mappings corrected. This makes it readable.

Correcting Distorted Symbols

C) Data Restoration Functionality (Resistant to Smudged or Damaged Symbols)

QR Code has 4 error correction levels (L,M,Q,H). Error correction is done by utilizing Reed Solomon code which is highly resistant to burst errors Reed-Solomon Code are arranged in the QR Code data area. So by this functionality, even the damaged symbol can be read up to the error correction level which is configured by the one that creates the symbol.

Smudged/Damaged Symbols

D) Linking Functionality of the Symbols

Single symbol can be represented in several symbols by diving it.

Each divided symbol will have an indicator showing the no: of symbols
to which the original symbol is divided into and in which order the specific symbol would be among all divided ones.

Advantages of linking function:

Entire data can be edited & submitted to computer regardless of what

order the symbols have been read by the reader.

If the printing space is not enough for single symbol, it can be divided

into several small symbols and printed on that space

 Different kinds of QR codes are: Offline Codes & Online Codes. Kaywa has three sorts of online QR Codes: Short Code, URL, and Short Code URL. Generating Codes: can be generated online. For commercial use: http://apc.qrcode.kaywa.com

For free use: http://qrcode.kaywa.com

Reading Codes : The information encoded in a QR-Code can be accessed by scanning the code with a camera phone, using scanning software such as Kaywa Reader. Alternatively, you can type the Short Code in your Kaywa Reader or send QR followed by the Short Code to a dedicated SMS number.

Northwest Airlines Japan

People who took a photo of the code on their mobile phone were taken directly to NWAs website that was purpose-built for the QR Code campaign. QR codes were chosen as the marketing tool and were delivered across a range of outdoor media in Tokyo.

QR Code Application in a Jewellery Shop in France

System Outline Each jewel has a unique ID number to prevent theft and resale and is managed with QR code. QR Code system is also used to create a book with sales and stock records. Merit of Using QR Code A small-sized QR Code has implemented the numbering of small articles like jewelery. Significantly reduced manual handling to manage individual numbers

Rough Guide Travel Book

Earthbound: A Rough Guide to the World in Pictures is a coffee-table book with more than 250 photos from all over the world A QR code is printed next to each image and offers a link to the location of whats pictured in the photo, using Google Maps online.

Once the codes are scanned, readers are rewarded with a Google map of the spot where the photo was taken
From there they can look at a satellite image and bookmark locations so that, should they ever go to the region, the mobile device can provide directions to that location.

The idea of linking spaces to information is not new, but QR codes combine simple creation with easy access to QR code readers . The several applications itself show its significances

Not everyone is aware of QR codes. As a result, not everyone who sees one will know to pull out a cell phone and take a picture of the matrix . a QR code might direct users to a website that does not display properly on a cell phone. A QR code might have malware that can use your personal information.

Welcome to the advertising of the future

This is an exciting and thrilling new way to share content digitally. QR stands for Quick Ready, and thats exactly what it does. These codes can be printed on anything, so you could use them on business cards with your contact information. QR codes are also handy for various branding purposes. They can be used to direct mobile phone users to special websites to download brand ads, ring tones, character logos, videos, branded flash games and more. Retailers print them on receipts. Event producers employ them to provide exhibit information. Doctor's offices and beauty salons use them to let people make appointments over their mobile phones. In other words, they're a great tool for marketers!

QR codes can store quite complex information in a small matrix. As awareness grows about how useful they are, we can expect to see them in more public venues. Commercial packaging will display codes with detailed nutritional information or links to websites where users can play the latest productassociated game or register for updates or coupons. In academic uses, QR codes on student tests could help ensure anonymity in grading. In scientific endeavors, QR codes could take the place of printed labels; attached to lab work, samples, or medication options, they could preserve confidentiality of participant names. QR Codes may presage other applications that use mobile devices to decode

Thank you