BIODIVERSITY

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11.5 KINGDOM PLANTAE

11.5.1 Bryophytes 11.5.2 Pteridophytes

PREVIOUS LESSON
11.4 Kingdom Fungi
Unique characteristics -Eukaryotes -Most are multicellular, but yeasts are unicellular -Non-motile -Non-photosynthetic (lack chlorophyll)
Classification: -Zygomycota (Rhizopus) -Ascomycota (Penicillium,Saccharomyces) -Basidiomycota (Agaricus)

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Describe unique characteristics of Plantae Classify Plantae into: Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms

OBJECTIVES
Describe the unique characteristics of Bryophytes State the classification of phyla Bryophytes into three phyla: Phylum Bryophyta (Polytrichum sp.) Phylum Hepatophyta (Marchantia sp.) Phylum Anthocerophyta (Anthoceros sp.) Describe the sexual life cycle of Polytrichum sp. to show alternation of generation.

OBJECTIVES
Describe the unique characteristics of Pteridophytes State the classification of Pteridophytes into two phyla: Phylum Lycopodiophyta (Lycopodium sp.) Phylum Pteridophyta (Dryopteris sp.)

11.5 KINGDOM PLANTAE

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS Multicellular

Autotrophic
Photosynthesis

Alternation of generations
Two multicellular individuals alternate, each producing the other.
-Sporophyte : diploid(2n) generation

Produces haploid spores by meiosis

-Gametophyte : haploid(n) generation

Produces gametes

Plants can be divided into 2 groups:

Non-vascular
-Lack vascular tissue -Leafy or thalloid appearance -No true roots, stems and leaves

 Vascular -Have vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients -xylem transports water -phloem transport dissolved substances

CLASSIFICATION
4 major groups of plants:
-Bryophytes -Pteridophytes -Gymnosperm -Angiosperm Non-vascular plants Vascular plants

11.5.1 BRYOPHYTES

11.5.1 BRYOPHYTES
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS Simplest group of land plants Live in damp, shady places

Non-vascular plants
Lack specialized vascular tissues
-Rely on diffusion and osmosis -Whole surface of the plant can absorb needed nutrients

Restricted in size
Very small (1-2 cm in height) -Make sure all cells could obtain
enough nutrients

Seedless plants
-Produce haploid spores

No true roots, stems and leaves

-Anchored by rhizoids
Tiny, hair-like structures Not composed of tissues Lack specialized conducting cells Do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption

-Have flat, broad tissues that function like leaves

contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Alternation of generations:
-Gametophyte generation is dominant -Sporophyte
Attached and dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrition Smaller and shorter-lived

-Have the smallest and simplest sporophytes

Gametophyte produced:
Antheridia : male Archegonia : female

Classification
BRYOPHYTES

PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA

Marchantia sp.

Polytrichum sp.

Anthoceros sp.

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

-Polytrichum sp.

Capsule

Sporophyte

Seta

Gametophyte

PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA

-Marchantia sp.

Male gametophyte

Female gametophyte

Marchantia sp.
Gemmae cup Antheridia(p)/ Antheridium (s)

Thallus

Rhizoid

Archegonia (p)/ Archegonium (s)

Female gametophyte

PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA

Anthoceros sp.

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Life Cycle of Polytrichum sp.

Life Cycle of Polytrichum sp.

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1. Multicellular gametangia are formed at the tips of the leafy gametophytes .

2. Female gametangia (archegonia) produce a single egg. 3. Male gametangia (antheridia) produce numerous sperms.
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4. When sperm are released from an antheridium, they swim with the aid of flagella through rainwater to the archegonia.

Life Cycle of Polytrichum sp.

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5. One haploid sperm fertilized with a haploid egg, forming a diploid zygote.
6. The zygote divide by mitosis and develops into the diploid sporophyte ( a stalk with a capsule or sporangium).
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7. Spore mother cells within the sporangium undergo meiosis, producing haploid spores.

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Life Cycle of Polytrichum sp.

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8. Matured sporangium releases spores and spores germinate and grow using mitosis, into protonema (pl. protonemata) 9. Protonemata develop into new gametophytes plants.

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 Drying out

Terrestrial Adaptation
A sterile jacket developed around antheridia and archaegonia which prevent them from drying out

Reproduction
Delicate sex cells must be protected
-Gametangium

Gaseous exchange
Presence of stomata facilitate the movement of gasses such as CO2 and O2 in and out through the cuticle

11.5.2 PTERIDOPHYTES

11.5.2 PTERIDOPHYTES
Unique Characteristics

Seedless vascular plants

Produce spores

Has true roots, stems and leaves

 Lignified vascular tissues

Transport system Support

Non flowering Photosynthetic

 Alternation of generation
Sporophyte
Vascular tissues occur Dominant More conspicuous

Gametophyte
Reduced to a small, simple structure

Types of Spore
Homosporous
Plants producing one type of spore Develops into a bisexual gametophyte with both archegonia and antheridia
Eg: Lycopodium sp.

 Heterosporous
Plants producing 2 types of spores
Megaspores Large spores ----- female gametophyte Microspores Small spores ----- male gametophyte

Eg: Selaginella sp.

Microspores
Microsporangium Microsporophyll

Megasporangium

Megaspores Megasporophyll

Classification
1. Phylum Lycopodiophyta (Lycopodiumsp. Selaginella sp.)
2. Phylum Pteridophyta ( Dryopteris sp. )

Lycopodium sp.

Dryopteris sp.

NEXT LECTURE
11.5.3 Gymnosperms 11.5.4 Angiosperms