PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

MODULUS OF RUPTURE
The modulus of rupture of a material is a computed strength which does not bear a specific relationship to the maximum stress the material will sustain before fracture, but provides a value from which the maximum twisting moment in a torsion or the maximum bending moment in bending that a cylindrical shaft or a beam can resist. The modulus of rupture provides a convenient method of expressing the characteristics of a material when it is subjected to bending or to torsion.

PLASTICITY
Plasticity is really opposite to elasticity. Plasticity is the property of material by virtue of which permanent deformation can occur. A perfectly plastic body could have no elastic recovery. In general, engineering materials are never entirely plastic, always some elastic behavior is involved. However, some metals like lead and gold posses extensive plasticity.

TENSION TEST
To determine how a material will behave under the application of tensile forces, a specimen of material under consideration is made into a suitable test piece to which known tensile loads may be applied and on which the deformation can measured. From such a test the mechanical properties of the material in tension can be determined.

RESILIENCE
Resilience is the property of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then, upon unloading to have this energy recovered. In other words, it is the maximum energy per unit volume that can be elastically stored. It is represented by the area (integral) under the curve in the elastic region (the initial, linear portion) of the stress-strain curve; this quantity is also known as the elastic potential energy of a material. The modulus of resilience is defined as the energy that can be absorbed per unit volume without creating a permanent distortion. It can be calculated by integrating the stress-strain curve from zero to the elastic limit and dividing by the original volume of the specimen.

YIELD STRENGTH
Yield strength is a very important value for use in engineering structural design. If we are designing a component that must support a force during use, we must be sure that the component does not plastically deform. We must therefore select a material that has high yield strength, or we must make the component large enough so that the applied force produces a stress that is below the yield strength. In contrast, the tensile strength is relatively unimportant for ductile materials selection and application since too much plastic deformation takes place before it is reached. However, the tensile strength can give some indication of the materials, such as hardness and material defects.

YIELD POINT
yield point, in mechanical engineering, load at which a solid material that is being stretched begins to flow, or change shape permanently, divided by its original cross-sectional area; or the amount of stress in a solid at the onset of permanent deformation. The yield point, alternatively called the elastic limit, marks the end of elastic behaviour and the beginning of plastic behaviour. When stresses less than the yield point are removed, the material returns to its original shape.

Proportional Limit
proportional limit is the maximum amount of stress that an object can handle while still obeying the Hooke's law. In other words, it is the highest limit of stress that a material may be subjected to, while still maintaining a linear relation with strain.

Elastic limit
elastic limit, maximum stress or force per unit area within a solid material that can arise before the onset of permanent deformation. When stresses up to the elastic limit are removed, the material resumes its original size and shape. Stresses beyond the elastic limit cause a material to yield or flow. For such materials the elastic limit marks the end of elastic behaviour and the beginning of plastic behaviour. For most brittle materials, stresses beyond the elastic limit result in fracture with almost no plastic deformation.