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A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Southern Polytechnic State University
2007
Magnetism
Since ancient times, certain materials, called magnets, have been known to have the property of attracting tiny pieces of metal. This attractive property is called magnetism. Bar Magnet
S N N S
Magnetic Poles
Iron filings
N
The strength of a magnet is concentrated at the ends, called north and south poles of the magnet.
W
A suspended magnet: N-seeking end and S-seeking end are N and S poles.
N S N Bar magnet
S
E
Compass
Magnetic Attraction-Repulsion
S S
N N S
Field B is strong where lines are dense and weak where lines are sparse.
Attraction
N
Like poles
Repulsion
DN
DA
D B DA
S N
DA
Df
Line density
DN E DA
Line density
Magnetic Field B is sometimes called the flux density in Webers per square meter (Wb/m2).
B A
DA
Df
B ; = BA A
BA cosq
The angle q is the complement of the angle a that the plane of the area makes with the B field. (Cos q = Sin a)
Since no isolated magnetic pole has ever been found, we cant define the magnetic field B in terms of the magnetic force per unit north pole.
We will see instead that magnetic fields result from charges in motionnot from stationary charge or poles. This fact will be covered later.
+ +
v
B^v
F qvB
Each of the following results in a greater magnetic force F: an increase in velocity v, an increase in charge q, and a larger magnetic field B.
With a flat right hand, point thumb in direction of velocity v, fingers in direction of B field. The flat hand pushes in the direction of force F.
The force is greatest when the velocity v is perpendicular to the B field. The deflection decreases to zero for parallel motion.
F v sinq
F
v sin q q
Definition of B-field
Experimental observations show the following:
F qv sin q
or
F constant qv sin q
By choosing appropriate units for the constant of proportionality, we can now define the B-field as:
F B qv sin q
or
F qvB sin q
A magnetic field intensity of one tesla (T) exists in a region of space where a charge of one coulomb (C) moving at 1 m/s perpendicular to the B-field will experience a force of one newton (N).
Example 1. A 2-nC charge is projected with velocity 5 x 104 m/s at an angle of 300 with a 3 mT magnetic field as shown. What are the magnitude and direction of the resulting force?
Draw a rough sketch. q = 2 x 10-9 C v = 5 x 104 m/s v sin f B = 3 x 10-3 T q = 300 B
300
B F
A field directed out of the paper is denoted by a dot like the front tip end of an arrow.
X X X X
F - Right v
e-
FE
E e
--
FB
qvB qE
+
x x x x x x x x
+q
E v B
Velocity selector
By adjusting the E and/or B-fields, a person can select only those ions with the desired velocity.
Example 2. A lithium ion, q = +1.6 x 10-16 C, is projected through a velocity selector where B = 20 mT. The E-field is adjusted to select a velocity of 1.5 x 106 m/s. What is the electric field E?
E v B
E = vB
Source of +q
+
x x x x x x x x
+q
mv 2 FC ; FB qvB; R
Centripetal Fc = FB
X X X X +X X X X X R X X X FX
c
FC FB
mv qvB R
X X X X
mv R qB
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mass Spectrometer
+q
slit
xx Photographic xx plate xx R xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x m2 x x x x x x x x x x
E v + B
Ions passed through a velocity selector at known velocity emerge into a magnetic field as shown. The radius is:
mv R qB
The mass is found by measuring the radius R:
mv 2 qvB R
m1
qBR m v
Example 3. A Neon ion, q = 1.6 x 10-19 C, follows a path of radius 7.28 cm. Upper and lower B = 0.5 T and E = 1000 V/m. What is its mass?
+q
xx Photographic - xx plate xx R xx x x x x x x x slit x x x x x x x x x x x x x x m x x x x x x x x x x
E v + B
mv R qB
qBR m v
m = 2.91 x 10-24 kg
Summary
The direction of forces on a charge moving in an electric field can be determined by the right-hand rule for positive charges and by the left-hand rule for negative charges. Right-hand rule for positive q
B F
Summary (Continued)
F
v sin q q
For a charge moving in a B-field, the magnitude of the force is given by:
F = qvB sin q
Summary (Continued)
The velocity selector:
+
x x x x x x x x
E v B
The mass spectrometer:
+ q v
mv R qB
qBR m v
xx - xx + xx xx x x x slit x x x x x x x x
+q
E v B R
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x m