1.

3 MOLE CONCEPT

10/19/12

MATTER

Ojectives:
(a) Define mole in terms of mass of carbon-12 and Avogadro constant, NA. (b) Interconvert between moles, mass, number of particles, molar volume of gas at s.t.p. and room temperature. (c) Determine empirical and molecular formulae from mass composition or combustion data.

10/19/12

MATTER

(d) Define and perform calculation for each of the following concentration measurements : i) amount concentration (molarity), c ii) molality, m iii) mole fraction, X iv) percentage by mass, % w/w v) percentage by volume, %V/V

10/19/12

MATTER

Introduction
The atoms, molecules or formula units are the entities that react with one another, so we would like to know the numbers of them that we mix together.
But how can we possibly count entities that are so small ? To do this, chemists have devised a unit called the MOLE to count chemical entities by weighing them.

1.3 Mole Concept

A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains equal number of particles (atoms / molecules / ions) as there are atoms in exactly 12.000g of carbon-12.

10/19/12

MATTER

One mole of carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12.000 grams and contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms.

The value 6.02 x 1023 is known as Avogadro Constant. NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

symbol: NA unit: mol-1

10/19/12 MATTER 6

The term mole, just like a pair or dozen, refers to a particular number of things. one pair one dozen one mole = = = 2 12 6.02 x 1023

Avogadro constant (NA) The number of atoms in a 12 gram sample of carbon-12 (1 mole) is called Avogadro constant (symbol NA )

Mole
1 mol of sodium metal (Na) contains : 6.02 1023 Na atoms

1 mol of chlorine gas (Cl2 ) contains :

6.02 1023 chlorine molecules 2 x (6.02 1023 ) chlorine atoms 1 mol of calcium bromide (CaBr2) contains : 6.02 1023 CaBr2 formula units 6.02 1023 Ca2+ ions 2 (6.02 1023) Br- ions.

Mole
Mole = number of atoms or molecules Avogadro constant Counting the number of atoms/molecules Questions: a)How many atoms are there in 0.8 mole of copper? b)How many moles of chlorine molecules in 8 1022 molecules of chlorine gas?

Mole
Solution a) :
a) How many atoms are there in 0.8 mole of copper?
Mole = number of atoms or molecules Avogadro constant

0.8 mol

number of Cu atoms 10 23 mol 1 6.02

Number of copper atoms = 0.8 6.02 1023 = 4.82 1023 atoms

810 22 molecules b) Moles of chlorine molecules 6.02 23 1 10 mol

= 1.3 10-1 mol or 6.02 x 1023 molecules of chlorine 1 mole of Cl2

8 x 1022 molecules of chlorine

? mole of Cl2

? mole of Cl2 =

8 x 1022 molecules of chlorine 1 mole of Cl2 6.02 x 1023 molecules of chlorine

1 mole of Cl2

= 1.3 10-1 mol

Learning Check
1. Number of atoms in 0.500 mole of Al a) 500 Al atoms b) 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms c) 3.01 x 1023 Al atoms 2.Number of moles of S in 1.8 x 1024 S atoms a) 1.0 mole S atoms b) 3.0 mole S atoms c) 1.1 x 1048 mole S atoms

Molar mass

The molar mass of a substance is the mass of one mole of the substance in grams

Molar Mass
The mass of 1 mole (in grams)
Equal to the numerical value of the average atomic mass (Z, nucleon number = no. of proton + no. of neutron) 1 mole of C atoms = 12.0 g = 6.02 1023 atoms C 1 mole of Mg atoms = 24.0 g = 6.02 1023 atoms Mg 1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g = 6.02 1023 atoms Cu

Molar mass

mass g mole 1 molar mass gmol

Counting atoms/molecules by weighing, Moles represent number of atoms/molecules, since atoms are small it is impossible to count them. By weighing the substances we are able to work with a known number of particles.

Case 1: mole

mass

a) Monatomic element 1 mol monatomic element = Ar g

i) 1 mol copper, Cu = ____ g

0.1 mol copper(II) ion,Cu2+ = 0.1 x ____ g =6.35 g ii) 1 mol silver ion, Ag+ 0.25 mol silver, Ag Ar for Ag =108 = ____ g = 0.25 x ____ g = 27 g Cu = 63.5

Molar Mass of Molecules and Compounds

Mass in grams of 1 mole equal numerically to the sum of the relative atomic masses
1 mole of CaCl2 That is 1 mole Ca x 40.1 g/mol + 2 moles Cl x 35.5 g/mol = 111.1 g/mol CaCl2 = 111.1 g/mol

Molar Mass
Example: What is the mass (g ) of CO2 in 0.25 moles of CO2? (Mr CO2 = 44) Solution: mass (g) of CO2:
Mass 1 mole CO2 Mass 0.25 mole CO2 44 g 44 g x 0.25 = 11 g

Learning Check!
A. Molar Mass of K2O = ? grams/mole
(Ans 94)

B. Molar Mass of antacid Al(OH)3 = ? grams/mole

(Ans 78)
[Ar ; K,39; O,16; Al,27; H,1 ]

Learning Check
Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used antidepressant that inhibits the uptake of serotonin by the brain. Find its molar mass.

Ans: 309
[Ar ; C,12; O,16; F,19; H,1; N,14 ]

Converting Moles and Grams

Aluminum is often used for the structure of light-weight bicycle frames. How many grams of Al are in 3.00 moles of Al? [Ar ; Al, 27 ]

3.00 moles Al

? g Al
Ans: 81

Gases
Many of the chemicals we deal with, are gases. They are difficult to weigh. Two factors affect the volume of gas: i) temperature (T) ii) pressure (P)

Molar volume

Avogadro s law states that : At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal number of atoms/molecules.

At s.t.p (T = 0o C , P = 1 atm)
1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 dm3 (22.4 L) 22.4 dm3 mol-1 is known as the molar volume.

At room temperature,( T= 25oC, P= 1 atm)

Volume of 1 mole of gas = 24.0 dm3 (24.0 L)

Molar volume
Question:
How many litres 60 g of O2 will occupy at s.t.p? Solution:

60 g = 1.875 mol Moles of O2 = 1 32 gmol

1 mole of gas has a volume of 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p

= 42.0 dm3 = 42.0 L

Thus, volume of O2 at s.t.p=1.875 mol 22.4 dm3 mol-1

Homework
1. How many moles of atoms are contained in the following? a) 22.5 g Zn

b) 8.5 x 10 24 molecules N2
Solution a) Mass 65 g Zn 22.5 g Zn

moles 1 mol 22.5 g x 1 mol 65 g = 0.346 mol

b) 8.5 x 10 24 molecules N2 Molecules moles 6.02 x 1023 molecules 1mol 8.5 x 1024 molecules N2 8.5 x 1024 x 1 mol = 14.12 mol N2 6.02 x 1023 1 mol molecule N2 2 mol atom N

mol atom N

= 14.12 x 2 = 28.24

2. Calculate the mass of the following substances in gram: a) 4.25 X 10-4 mol H2SO4 b) 1.5 X 1016 atom S

( Ans:0.0417g H2SO4 ; 8.0 X 10-7 g S)

3. Calculate the number of moles O2 gas at s.t.p if the volume is 67.2 L.

(Ans: 3 moles)

Exercise
Calculate how many moles in: a) 1.85x1021 atoms Al b) 3.6 x 1020 molecules (NH4)3PO4 c) 4.56g of PCl3 d) 407.56g iron(II)phosphate, Fe3(PO4)2 e) 608g of C10H14N2 f) 0.123dm3 N2 at s.t.p g) 3.21 L H2SO4 at room temperature

[Ar ; Al,27; H,1; N, 14; O.16; P,31; Cl,35.5; S,32; Fe,56 ]

Summary
Mole concept 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles (Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol1 ) Weight 1 mol = Ar or Mr g Volume 1 mol of any gas = 22.4 L or 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p and = 24 L at room temp

No. of particles NA Vol. of gas at STP 22.4 L 22.4 L Ar or Mr NA

Mole

24 L
24 L

Vol. of gas at room temperature

Ar or Mr

Mass in g

Units for volume L @ dm-3

Points to remember
1 mole

1 molecule

Units: the atomic mass = Ar amu the molecular mass = Mr amu the molar mass M = Ar or Mr g mol1 the mass of 1 mol of X = Ar or Mr g the relative atomic mass Ar, or the relative molecular mass Mr are dimensionless