Human Body ,Tissue Introduction & Epithelial Tissue

Physiology

An Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy
science of structure relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart) imaging techniques

Physiology
science of body functions

Anatomical Position
The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the anatomical position, the subject stands standing upright facing the observer, head level eyes facing forward feet flat on the floor arms at the sides palms turned forward (ventral)

Body Planes:
Definition = imaginary lines drawn

through the body to separate the body into sections

Transverse Plane:
Horizontal plane dividing the body into a top and bottom half 1. Superior = body parts above other parts 2. Inferior = body parts below other parts

3. Cranial = body parts near the head 4. Caudal = body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal column (or near the tail bone)

Median Plane:
Divides the body into right and left sides 1. Medial = body parts located near the middle or midline of the body 2. Lateral = body parts located away from the midline or middle of the body

Frontal Plane:
Divides the body into front and back section. 1. Anterior = body parts on the front of the body 2. Posterior = body parts on the back of the body

Proximal = body parts close to the point of reference Distal = body parts away from the point of reference

Basic body planes or sections

These terms are used for planes or sections that cut the body, organs, tissues, or cells

Example of how planes would cut the brain

Body Cavities:
Spaces within the body which contain vital organs

Posterior Cavity:
One long continuous cavity that is located on the back of the body, divided into two sections

1. Cranial Cavity = contains the brain 2. Spinal Cavity = contains the spinal cord

Anterior Cavities:
Larger and separated into two distinct cavities by a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm, which is important for breathing 1. Thoracic Cavity = located in the chest, contains the heart, lungs, and the large blood vessels

2. Abdominal Cavity = divided into upper and lower parts Upper part contains the stomach, small intestines, most of the large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen 3. Pelvic Cavity = lower abdominal cavity containing urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and last part of the large intestines

Two Principal Body Cavities and their Subdivisions

Directional Terms Used to Describe the Position of one Structure to Another

Superior/Inferior (Cephalic/Caudal) Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal) Medial/Lateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep

Methods of dividing the Abdominopelvic cavity

Essential Terms
tissue group of similar cells that function together to
carry out specialized activities and usually have a common embryonic origin histology science that deals with the study of tissues pathologist physician who specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues for changes that might indicate disease

Cells to Tissues
As human body develops from single to multicellular, cells specialize. Body is interdependent system, malfunction of one group of cells is catastrophic. Cells specialize into types of tissues, then interspersed into organs.

Tissues = groups of cells that are similar in structure and function.

Epithelium Muscle
Coverings Linings of surfaces Movement

Connective
Support Bone, ligaments, fat, blood, cartilage

Nervous
Control Brain, nerves, spinal cord