Team Assignments

A
Clayten Greenwell
Elliot Magoto
Jonathan Morgan
Lisa Woosley
B
Joshua Cecil
Zachary Rabold
Richard Smith
Robert Talley
C
Ryan Franklin
Anthony Stegman
Zachary Stucker
Joshua Von Schlutter
D
Christian Pendleton
Nathan Piersma
Matthew Rogers
Hayden Smith
Team Assignments
E
Christopher Collins
Mark Lacy
Adam Leach
Daniel Rehner
F
Cory Boughey
Matthew Broaddus
Cory Henon
Stephen Howell
G
Christopher Allison
Brett Blanchard
Travis Greenwell
Samantha Thomas
CE403
Construction Methodology
Earthwork
Fundamentals
4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define the common Soil Properties and how to
determine each.
Define Soil-Volume Changes that occur during
earthmoving operations.
Define Swell, and Shrinkage, and how to determine
the Load & Shrinkage Factors.
Define Angle of Repose for common Soil Materials.
Describe the two common Soil Classification
Systems and Basic Definitions.
5
Soil Properties
Any mass of soil
consists of solid
particles with voids in
between.
Soil solids are small
grains of different
minerals
Voids can be filled with
either water or air
6
Soil Properties
Total volume of the soil
mass, V
t
, consists of
volume of soil solids, V
s
,
and the volume of voids,
V
v
The volume of the
Voids, V
v
, consists of
volume of water, V
w
, and
the volume of air, V
a
7
Soil Properties
We can schematically represent these three
phases in a phase diagram.
Soil
H
2
O
Air
M
T
M
S
V
T
V
V
V
S
V
A
V
W
M
W
M
A

=

0
Volume Mass
8
Soil Properties
Three volumetric ratios
1. Void ratio:


Normally expressed as a decimal
Max range of e is between 0 and infinity
Typical values: Sand (0.4 to 1.0); Clays (0.3 to 1.5)

S
V
V
V
= e
9
Soil Properties
Three volumetric ratios
2. Porosity


Normally expressed as a decimal
Max range of n is between 0 and 100%

(%) 100
V
V
= n
T
V
x
10
Soil Properties
Three volumetric ratios
3. Degree of Saturation


The degree of saturation tells us what percentage of the
total volume of voids contains water
If soil is completely dry, S=0. If the pores are completely
filled with water, S=100%

(%) 100
V
V
= S
V
W
x
11
Soil Properties
Mass relationships
Water (moisture) content:





Can range from zero (dry soil) to several hundred percent
Water content for most soils is well under 100%, although it can
range up to 500% or higher in some marine and organic soils




x100(%)
M
M
=
S
W
12
Soil Properties
Mass relationships
Total density:



Magnitude will depend on amount of water in the voids and
density of the mineral grains
Typical values for most soils range from 1000 to 2400
kg/m
3




Vt
Mw Ms
T
T

V
M
=
+
=
13
Soil Properties
Mass relationships
Solid density:



Typical values for most soils range from 2500 to 2800
kg/m
3 (
2.65 Mg/m
3
)
Dry Density:





V
M
=
S
S
s

V
M
= y Dry Densit
T
S
DRY
14
Soil Properties
Mass relationships
Density of Water:



The density of water varies slightly, depending on the
temperature.
For most engineering work, it is sufficiently accurate to
estimate p
w
=1000kg/m
3
=62.4lb/ft
3





Vw
M
=
w
w
15
T
V
V
W
S
V
S
W
T
S
DRY
S
S
s
T
T
S
S
s
3 3 3
W
W
W
V
V
= n Porosity
V
V
= S Saturation Degree
V
V
= e Ratio Void

M
M
= Content Moisture

V
M
= y Dry Densit
V
M
= Density Solid
V
M
= Density Total

V
M
=
lb/ft 62.4 = kg/m 1,000 = g/cm 1.0 =
V
M
=
Common Soil Properties
Soil
H
2
O
Air
M
T
M
S
V
T
V
V
V
S
V
A
V
W
M
W
M
A

=

0
16
Example Problem
Given the Following:
Vs=65 cm
3
, Vw=25 cm
3
, Va=10cm
3
Ms = 175g, Mw=25g

Find:
Total Density, dry density, moisture content, void
ratio, saturation, and porosity of the soil sample
18
Soil Volume-Change Characteristics
Bank Volume - (BCY)
Material is in natural state before disturbance
Loose Volume - (LCY)
Material has been excavated or loaded.
Compacted Volume - (CCY)
Material after compaction.
19
Soil Volume-Change Characteristics
21
Swell
A soil increases in volume when it is excavated
because the soil grains are loosened during
excavation and air fills the void spaces created.
100% 1
Volume se Weight/Loo
Volume k Weight/Ban
Swell(%)
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
22
Shrinkage
When soil is compacted, air is forced out of
void spaces.
The soil will occupy less volume than it did
under either bank or loose conditions.
100%
Volume pacted Weight/Com
Volume k Weight/Ban
1
(%) Shrinkage

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
23
Load Factor









Swell% 1
1
Factor Load
Volume k Unit Weight/Ban
Volume Unit se Weight/Loo
Factor Load
+
=
=
24
Shrinkage Factor









Shrinkage% 1 Factor Shrinkage
Volume Unit pacted Weight/Com
Volume k Unit Weight/Ban
Factor Shrinkage
=
=
25
Soil Weight & Volume Change Characteristics
Unit Weight lb/cuyd
Loose Bank Compacted
Clay 2,310 3,500 3,750
Common Earth 2,480 3,100 3,450
Rock Blasted 3,060 4,600 3,550
Sand & Gravel 2,860 3,200 3,650

Swell %
Shrinkage %
Load
Factor
Shrinkage
Factor
Clay 10 20 0.77 0.80
Common Earth 25 10 0.80 0.90
Rock Blasted 50 -30 0.67 1.30
Sand & Gravel 12 12 0.89 0.88

27
Load & Shrinkage Example Problem
A soil weighs 1,960 lb/LCY, 2,800 lb/BCY and 3,500
lb/CCY.
b. How many BCY & CCY are contained in 1,000,000
LCY?
Bank Volume
1,000,000 LCY x 1,960/2,800(BCY/LCY) =
= 1,000,000 LCY x 0.70(BCY/LCY) = 700,000 BCY
Compacted Volume
1,000,000 LCY x 1,960/3,500 (CCY/LCY)=
or
= 700,000 BCY x 0.80 (CCY/BCY) = 560,000 CCY
28
Unified Soil Classification System
Two Letter System
Symbols to represent soil type:
Symbol Soil Type
G Gravel
S Sand
M Silt
C Clay
Pt Highly organic soil and peat.
Symbols to represent index properties
W Well-graded (for grain-size distribution)
P Poorly-graded (for grain-size distribution)
L Low to medium plasticity
H High plasticity
29
Angle of Repose
The angle that the sides of a spoil bank or pile
naturally form with the horizontal when the
excavated soil is dumped onto a pile.
The angle varies with the soils physical
characteristics and its moisture content.
30
Materials & Angle of Repose
Clay 35
Common Earth, Dry 32
Common Earth, Moist 37
Gravel 35
Sand, Dry 25
Sand, Moist 37

31
Spoil Pile
Dumped from a single fixed point
Volume =1/3 Base Area x Height


H
D
CF Volume, Pile V
deg Repose, of Angle R
ft Base, Pile of Diameter = D
ft Height, Pile H
tan(R)
2
D
H
tan(R)
7.64V
D
1/3
=
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
32
Soil Identification & Classification
GRAVEL < 3 to > 1/4 diam.
SAND < 1/4 to > 200 Sieve
SILT
< 200
Sieve
to > 0.002 mm
CLAY < 0.002 mm
ORGANIC
MATERIAL
Contains Decomposed Vegitatable
Matter.

33
34
Basic Definitions
The liquid limit (LL) is the water content (%) at which
the soil will just start to flow when subjected to
standard shaking test. (Casagrande Test)
The plastic limit is the moisture content (%) at which
the soil just begins to crumble when rolled into a thread
1/4 in diameter.
The plastic index is the numerical difference between
the liquid and plastic limits and represents the range in
moisture content over which the soil remains plastic.
35
36
Unified Soil Classification System
Two Letter System
Symbols to represent soil type:
Symbol Soil Type
G Gravel
S Sand
M Silt
C Clay
Pt Highly organic soil and peat.
Symbols to represent index properties
W Well-graded (for grain-size distribution)
P Poorly-graded (for grain-size distribution)
L Low to medium plasticity
H High plasticity
37
38
AASHTO Soil Classification System
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials
A-1 through A-7
Table 2-3, Page 25.
39
40
Construction Characteristics of Soils
1. Drainage
2. Construction Workability
3. Suitability for Subgrade
4. Suitability for Surfacing
41
42