Haritha chowdary M. S (Pharm.) (Sem.

I)

Department of Natural Products National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) Punjab1 160062

WHAT ARE FATTY ACIDS?????? CLASSIFICATION COMMON FOOD SOURCES OF OMEGA 3 AND 6 FATTYACIDS DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS SYNTHESIS & USES

GENERAL MECHANISM OF OMEGA FATTYACIDS

OMEGA 3 FATTYACIDS A PROMISING NOVEL THERAPY FOR NONALCHOHOLIC FATTYLIVER DISEASE
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS KEY REGULATORS OF HEPATIC GENE EXPRESSION

 Fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched

aliphatic chain.fattyacids generally have a chain with even number of carbon atoms, from 4-28. Fatty acids are important sources of energy storage , as they metabolize they yield large quantities of ATP.

3
Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009, 109, (4), 668-679.

4
Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009, 109, (4),668-679.

5
The American journal of clinical nutrition 2000, 71, (1), 343-348.

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The American journal of clinical nutrition 2000, 71, (1), 343-348.

2005 Dietary ALA Recommendations

LA recommendations

intake (DRI)
Identified as adequate intake(AI)

1.6 grams per day for men 19 years 17 grams per day for men
or older between 19 and 50 years old

1.1 grams per day for women 19 14 grams per day if over 50 per years or older men 12 grams per day for women between 19 and 50 years old 11 grams per day if over 50 for

women

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Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. Circulation 2006, 114, (1), 82-96.

Research

Reduce inflammation in heart

Neutral or lower levels of

suggests
potential Healthpromising Benefits

disease, inflammatory bowel

disease arthritis Help prevent blood from and rheumatoid

inflammatory markers
Replacing saturated and trans fat with omega-6 fatty acids associated with decreasing risk of heart disease Improve insulin resistance

clotting and sticking to artery walls Help lower risk for blocked

blood vessels and heart attacks

Prevent arteries hardening of the

and reduce the incidence

of Diabetes Lowers blood pressure Lowers cholesterol levels

Decrease risk of sudden death and abnormal heart rates Decrease triglyceride levels

Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. Circulation 2006, 114, (1), 82-96.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12006582

OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS: A PROMISING NOVEL THERAPY FOR NONALCHOHOLIC FATTYLIVER DISEASE

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 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined

by the pathological accumulation of fat in the liver when no other explanatory disease is present: it encompasses isolated hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease affects 1035% of the

adult population worldwide; there is no consensus on its treatment

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Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

 Classically, it is considered to be the outcome of 'two

hits. Steatosis, primarily in the form of triglycerides, and insulin resistance are thought to occur first.

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Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

Insulin Resistanc e

Hyper Insulinemia

Incr eased adipose tissue har mone sensitive lipase ac tivity sss

Incr eased expr ession of SREBP and ChREBP

Incr eased NEFA deliver y to tissues

Inc r eased denovo lipogenesis (DNL)

Development of Fatty liver

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Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

 Sraeli researchers reported in 2009 that drinking too much

sweetened soda or too much fruit juice can cause fatty liver. They reported that people who drink more than about four cups daily of sweetened drinks were five times more likely to get a fatty liver. Sweetened sodas and natural fruit juices have a lot of sucrose (table sugar) or high-fructose corn syrup and it doesnt matter which, because both of them are about half glucose and half fructose. While we burn off the glucose quickly or store it in our brains and muscles, we process fructose through our liver, where the excess gets converted into fat in the cells of our liver.

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Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS : KEY REGULATORS OF HEPATIC GENE EXPRESSION

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OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS: KEY REGULATORS OF HEPATIC GENE EXPRESSION

Omega-3 fatty acids are key regulators of hepatic gene

transcription, with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARa) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) being best known. These have diverse effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and may act like hydrophobic hormones:i.e. upon ligand binding and activation, they bind to and alter the function of specific response elements in target genes.

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Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

 PPAR is a transcription factor known to reduce plasma lipids

and increase mitochondrial beta oxidation. Two studies employing a murine model of NASH demonstrated that infusion of a PPAR agonist can prevent steatohepatitis and reverse established disease. Omega-3s are potent activators of PPAR, which upregulate several genes associated with fatty acid and lipid metabolism that stimulate fatty acid oxidation. Interestingly, in addition to improvements in steatosis, there may be an independent, anti-inflammatory effect via PPAR mediated suppression of TNF-a and IL-6.
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Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

 There are three isoforms of SREBP: 1a,1c and 2. SREBP-

1a is a potent activator of all genes under SREBP regulation; SREBP-1c primarily influences genes involved in fatty acids synthesis; SREBP-2 is implicated in cholesterol synthesis. For simplicity, 1a and 1c will be considered jointly as SREBP-1. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 plays an important role in insulin resistance and is also a key regulator of fatty acid synthesis.

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Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS POTENT ACTIVATORS OF PPAR ALPHA AND SUPPRESS SREBP1

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Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010, 31, (7), 679-692.

CONCLUSION
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a common and growing problem

worldwide. Although frequently asymptomatic and relatively benign, NAFLD has the potential to progress to cirrhosis. Cirrhosis, when decompensated, has a poor prognosis. Currently, the mainstays of treatment are dietary advice, help and encouragement to lose weight, and exercise, and energetic treatment of coexisting disorders, especially, Type 2 diabetes and hypertension. It is very difficult to get enough omega3 & 6 fatty acids in our daily diet. To do so we would need to eat oily fish AT LEAST 3 times a week, which most people are unable to do. Maintaining good health just makes sense, and supplementing your diet with necessary nutrients forms part of a balanced programme.

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