Addressing the network IPv4

CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6

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IP addressing works at
OSI model layer 3 TCP/IP model Internet layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc

Data stream Segment

Application Transport Internet Network Access

TCP, UDP

Packet
Frame Bits

IP
Ethernet, WAN technologies

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Addressing topics
Binary and decimal Types of IP addresses

Assigning addresses
Network part and subnet masks Calculating addresses

Ping and Traceroute Utilities

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Binary and decimal

Convert to 8-bit binary 248

187
89 Convert to decimal

00110100
01010101 11001111

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248 to binary
128 1 64 1 32 1 16 1 8 1 4 0 2 0 1 0

248 -128 120

120 -64 56

56 -32 24

24 -16 8

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187 to binary
128 1 64 0 32 1 16 1 8 1 4 0 2 1 1 1

187 -128 59

59 -32 27

27 -16 11

11 -8 3

3 -2 1

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89 to binary
128 0 64 1 32 0 16 1 8 1 4 0 2 0 1 1

89 -64 25

25 -16 9

9 -8 1

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00110100 to decimal
128 0 64 0 32 1 32 16 1 16 8 0 4 1 4 2 0 1 0

32 +16 + 4 52

52

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01010101 to decimal
128 0 64 1 64 32 0 16 1 16 8 0 4 1 4 2 0 1 1 1

64 +16 + 4 + 1 85

85

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11001111 to decimal
128 1 128 64 1 64 32 0 16 0 8 1 8 4 1 4 2 1 2 1 1 1

128 + 64 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 207
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207

10

Binary and decimal

Convert to 8-bit binary 248 11111000

187
89

10111011
01011001

Convert to decimal

00110100
01010101 11001111

52
85 207

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IPv4 address
192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 17 00010001

octet

octet

octet

octet

network part

host part

Prefix /24 Subnet mask:

255. 11111111 255. 11111111 255. 11111111 0 00000000

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Find the network address

192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 17 00010001

In a network address, all the host bits are 0.

192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 0 00000000

The router needs to do this for every packet.

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Logical AND
192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 17 00010001

255.
11111111 192. 11000000

255.
11111111 168. 10101000

255.
11111111 21. 00010101

0
00000000 0 00000000

Do a logical AND at each position

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Find the broadcast address

192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 17 00010001

In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.

192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 255 11111111

The broadcast is the last address in the network.

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3 types of address
Every network has: Network address the first one

Broadcast address the last one

Host addresses everything in between

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Classful addressing
A
10. 17. 53. 60

network part

host part
16. 38. 201

172.

network part

host part

192.

168.

21.

17

network part

host part

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Classful addressing
Easy to work out but very wasteful. Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by default Class A Class B /8 /16 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0

Class C

/24

255.255.255.0

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Classless addressing
Any suitable prefix can be used We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is.

More flexible, less wasteful.

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Classless addressing /16

172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0 Broadcast address 172.16.255.255
172.
10101100

16.
00010000

0.
00000000

0
00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254

65534 host addresses

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Classless addressing /24

172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0 Broadcast address 172.16.0.255
172.
10101100

16.
00010000

0.
00000000

0
00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254

254 host addresses

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Classless addressing /22

172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0 Broadcast address 172.16.3.255
172.
10101100

16.
00010000

0.
00000000

0
00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254

1022 host addresses

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Classless addressing /26

172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192 Broadcast address 172.16.0.63
172. 10101100 16. 00010000 0. 00000000 0 00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62 62 host addresses

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Classless addressing /28

172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240 Broadcast address 172.16.0.15
172. 10101100 16. 00010000 0. 00000000 0 00000000

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14 14 host addresses

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Calculating addresses
A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24 What is the subnet mask?

What is the network address?

What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/24 fill in the table

Last octet binary Host Last octet decimal Full

Subnet mask
Network Broadcast First host Last host

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192.168.1.70/24
Last octet binary Host 01000110 Last octet decimal 70 Full 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask
Network Broadcast First host Last host

00000000
00000000 11111111 00000001 11111110

0
0 255 1 254

255.255.255.0
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.254

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Calculating addresses
A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26 What is the subnet mask?

What is the network address?

What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table

Last octet binary Host Last octet decimal Full

Subnet mask
Network Broadcast First host Last host

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192.168.1.70/26
Last octet binary 01000110 Last octet decimal 70 Full 192.168.1.70

Host

Subnet mask
Network Broadcast First host Last host

11000000
01000000 01111111 01000001 01111110

192
64 127 65 126

255.255.255.192
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.65 192.168.1.126

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Calculating addresses
A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28 What is the subnet mask?

What is the network address?

What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table

Last octet binary Host Last octet decimal Full

Subnet mask
Network Broadcast First host Last host

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192.168.1.70/28
Last octet binary 01000110 Last octet decimal 70 Full 192.168.1.70

Host

Subnet mask
Network Broadcast First host Last host

11110000
01000000 01001111 01000001 01001110

240
64 79 65 78

255.255.255.240
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.79 192.168.1.65 192.168.1.78

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Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast

Unicast a message addressed to one host Broadcast a message addressed to all hosts on a network. Uses networks broadcast address or 255.255.255.255 locally Multicast a message addressed to a group of hosts. Uses an address starting 224 - 239

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Private IP addresses
Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed across the Internet. 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)

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Public IP addresses
Routed over the Internet Master holder is IANA

Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs

ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual users

Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not allowed

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Special addresses
0.0.0.0 all addresses in default route. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 0. 127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 127. 240.0.0.0 and higher reserved for experimental purposes.

169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only

192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching

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Network address translation

A large number of hosts on a network use private addresses to communicate with each other. The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses. NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses when they want to use the Internet

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Addressing hosts
Static addressing address is configured by an administrator Servers, printers, routers, switches need static addresses Dynamic addressing address is allocated automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a pool Dynamic addressing is best for workstations

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Blocks of addresses
Use Network address User hosts Address range 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1-127 Summary 192.168.1.0/25

Servers
Peripherals Network devices Router Broadcast

192.168.1.128 - 191
192.168.1.192 - 223 192.168.1.224 - 253 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255

192.168.1.128/26
192.168.1.192/27 192.168.1.224/27

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Last octet binary
Address Subnet mask 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 00000000 00000000

Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25

Addresses 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.128 00000000 10000000 10000000

Subnet mask

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26
Addresses 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.192 255.255.255.192 00000000 01000000 10000000 11000000 11000000

Subnet mask

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 3 bits from host part, give to network part, /27
Addresses 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.224 255.255.255.224 00000000 00100000 01000000 01100000 10000000 10100000 11000000 11100000 11100000

Subnet mask

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 4 bits from host part, give to network part, /28
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.80 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.112 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.144 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.176 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.208 192.168.1.224 192.168.1.240 11110000 00000000 00010000 00100000 00110000 01000000 01010000 01100000 01110000 10000000 10010000 10100000 10110000 11000000 11010000 11100000 11110000

Subnet mask 255.255.255.240

And so on
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Every time you borrow another bit you: Double the number of subnets

Halve the size of the subnets

Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast address, and everything in between is a host address. Here are some ways of visualising the process.

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Bits borrowed No of networks Prefix 1 2 /25 2 4 /26 3 8 /27 4 16 /28 5 32 /29 6 64 /30

Bit value/ network size

No of hosts Subnet mask

128
126 128

64
62 192

32
30 224

16
14 240

8
6 248

4
2 252

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Address space
Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255 Link to show table

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Subnet chart

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Subnetting
There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be able to use them in exams. Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the smallest. Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet masks.

Make sure that there are no overlaps.

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Ping and traceroute

Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out.

Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each router along the path replies. You get a list of addresses of all the routers.

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IPv6
Development started in 1990s because of concerns about IPv4 addresses running out A whole new protocol suite not just layer 3 Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using hexadecimal Simpler header Integrated security authentication, privacy Quality of service mechanisms

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Subnetting - visual

CCNA Exploration Semester 1

Chapter 6

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Prefix /24
Three octets in network part, last octet in host part.

All possible numbers 0 255 in last octet belong in the same network. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

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Prefix /25
First bit of fourth octet taken into network part.

For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue
Subnet mask 255.255.255.128

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Prefix /26
2 bits of fourth octet taken into network part.

For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue
Subnet mask 255.255.255.192

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Prefix /27
3 bits of fourth octet taken into network part.

For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue
Subnet mask 255.255.255.224

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Prefix /28
4 bits of fourth octet taken into network part.

For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue
Subnet mask 255.255.255.240

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Prefix /29
5 bits of fourth octet taken into network part.

For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue
Subnet mask 255.255.255.248

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Prefix /30
6 bits of fourth octet taken into network part.

For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue
Subnet mask 255.255.255.252

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Variable length
/27

/26

/25 Networks do not need to be all the same size.

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Summary
Hierarchical Design model addresses performance, scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.
Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network performance. Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access Distribution

Core

Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the business.
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Labs & Activities

Type PT Lab PT Lab Detail 1.2.4 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

Mandatory* Mandatory Mandatory Review carefully

* If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended

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