RADAR

Prepared by: Darrel Nogodula Rey Millama

What is radar?
RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging. Remote detection system used to locate and identify objects.

A radar system sends out radio waves. When the waves strike an airplane or other object, some of the waves bounce back. The waves that come back provide information to the radar operator.

History of Radar
Radar was developed for military purposes during W. W. II. The British and US Military used radar to locate ships and airplanes. During the war, radar operators found annoying blips continually appearing on the radar screen. Scientists had not known that radar would be sensitive enough to detect precipitations.

How Radar Works?

Transmitter system Reception elements Radar frequencies Clutter

Transmitter system
Oscillator is a device that produces a pure electrical signal at the desired frequency. Modulator is the stage which rapidly varies, or modulates the signal from the oscillator. Transmitter increases the power of the oscillator signal. Antenna is responsible after the transmitter amplifies the radar signal to the required level, it sends the signal.

Reception elements
Antenna The receiver uses an antenna to gather the reflected radar signal. Often the receiver uses the same antenna as the transmitter. Duplexer enables a radar system to transmit powerful signals and still receive very weak radar echoes. Receiver radar systems need analog-to-digital converters to change the received signal from an analog form to a digital form. Display of received signal amplitude, or strength.

Radar frequencies
Operating frequencies ranging from 150 MHz 95 GHz. VHF to EHF Specific ranges of frequencies work well for certain applications. The frequency of the radar system is related to the resolution of the system. Tracking radar, which precisely locates objects and tracks their movement, needs higher resolution and so uses higher frequencies.

Clutter
Clutter is what radar users call radar signals that do not come from actual targets. Such echoes can produce signals that the radar system may mistake for actual targets. Engineers have developed several systems to take advantage of the difference in Doppler shifts between clutter and moving targets. a moving target indicator (MTI), which subtracts out every other radar return from the total signal.

Two Basic Radar Types

Pulse Transmission Continuous Wave

Pulse Diagram
PRF
Resting Time

PW

Carrier Wave

Pulse Radar Components

Synchronizer Transmitter

Power Supply

Duplexer

ANT.

Display Unit Antenna Control

Receiver

Pulse Transmission
Pulse Repetition Time (PRT=1/PRF) Pulse Width (PW) Length or duration of a given pulse PRT is time from beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next PRF is frequency at which consecutive pulses are transmitted. PW can determine the radars minimum range resolution. PRF can determine the radars maximum detection range.

Continuous Wave Radar

Employs continual RADAR transmission Relies on the DOPPLER EFFECT

Continuous Wave Radar Components

CW RF Oscillator

OUT

Discriminator

AMP

Mixer

IN

Antenna
Indicator

Pulse Vs. Continuous Wave

Pulse Echo Single Antenna Gives Range & Alt. Susceptible To Jamming Physical Range Determined By PW and PRF. Continuous Wave Requires 2 Antennae No Range or Alt. Info High SNR More Difficult to Jam But Easily Deceived Amp can be tuned to look for expected frequencies

Radar application
Many industries depend on radar to carry out their work. Civilian aircraft and maritime industries use radar to avoid collisions and to keep track of aircraft and ship positions. Military craft also use radar for collision avoidance, as well as for tracking military targets. Radar is important to meteorologists, who use it to track weather patterns. Radar also has many other scientific applications.

Radar application
Air- traffic control Maritime navigation Military defense attack Traffic safety Meteorology Scientific applications

AN/FPS-115 PAVE PAWS Early Warning Radar Array Antenna

PAWS stands for Phased Array Warning System. The radar is used primarily to detect and track sea-launched and intercontinental ballistic missiles. It can search over long distance(to 5000 km or more). Each system has two array faces 72.5 feet in diameter with 2677 element positions. To provide surveillance across the horizon, the building is constructed in the shape of a triangle. The two building faces supporting the arrays, each covering 120 degrees, will monitor 240 degrees of azimuth.

Edgewall Slot Array-AN/APY-2 on E3D Aircraft

The E-3 Sentry is an airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft that provides all-weather surveillance, command, control and communications needed by commanders of U.S. and NATO air defense forces. As proven in Desert Storm, it is the premier air battle command and control aircraft in the world today.

Radar Performance and Frequency Bands

Bandwidth The bandwidth determines the range resolution and frequency agility capabilities of the radar. Antenna For a given gain, low frequency antennas are larger than high frequency. Low frequency are favored for long-range search applications, because of the larger effective area associated with a given gain, allowing more effective capture of echoes. Transmitter In general, more radio frequency power can be produced at low frequency than at high.

Receiver There is no clear choice between high and low frequencies. Propagation The attenuation at high frequency is dramatic. A given raindrop has over three orders of magnitude more scattering crosssection at X-band(10 GHz) than at Lband(1.3 GHz), producing far more clutter and signal at the higher frequency. Targets If the wavelength is long compared to the target extent, targets are Rayleigh scatterers, and have small, non-fluctuating RCS.

arigatou gozaimasu

Sayonara!!!!!!