Introduction of excitatory tissues: Nerve & Muscle.

Divisions of nervous system: CNS & PNS Structure & classification of neuron & nerve fibers.

Divisions of nervous system: CNS & PNS

Central nervous system (CNS): Brain (in skull) & Spinal cord (in vertebral canal): Divided into gray matter & white matter. Formed by neurons & supporting cells (neuroglia) Gray matter: nerve cell bodies, proximal parts of axons & dendrites. White matter: nerve fibers / axons. 3 Major parts of Brain: 1. Prosencephalon: Forebrain: (cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus). 2. Mesencephalon: Midbrain 3. Rhombencephalon: Hindbrain: (Pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata) Brain stem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

PNS: Formed by neurons & their processes outside CNS. Cranial nerves (from brain) Spinal nerves (from spinal cord) 2 divisions of PNS: SOMATIC / VOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM: Nerves supplying skeletal muscles Controls movements of body by acting on skeletal muscles. AUTONOMIC / VISCERAL / VEGETATIVE/ INVOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM: Function: Controls viscera 2 sub-divisions: SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC

RED CNS

BLUE PNS

NEURON / nerve cell

Structural and functional unit of nervous system. Features: Nucleus & cytoplasmic organelles. No centrosome cannot divide. Branches Axon / nerve fiber & Dendrites.

STRUCTURE OF NEURON:
3 PARTS: Nerve cell body / Soma / Perikaryon. Neuroplasm covered by cell membrane. Neuroplasm: Large central nucleus (1 or 2 nucleoli, no centrosome, no division), Nissl bodies (small basophilic granules, present in soma except in axon hillock, gives spotted appearance to soma on staining, flow into dendrites from soma but not into axon, are membranous organelles with ribosomes protein synthesis axonal flow transported to axon, fatigue / nerve injury nissl bodies fragment & disappear chromatolysis, reappear after recovery / regeneration) Neurofibrils (network of threads in soma & processes: microfilaments, microtubules), Mitochondria (produce ATP in soma & axon), Golgi apparatus (packs proteins into granules). Dendrite / Afferents for nerve cell body. 1 or more in each neuron. Short processes. Have Nissl granules & neurofibrils. Axon. Only 1 in each neuron. Arises from axon hillock of soma. Long processes upto 1 meter / nerve fiber. Lack Nissl granules. Arranged in bundles / fasciculi

A Dendrite B Soma C Node of Ranvier D Axon terminal E Nucleus F Axon G Myelin sheath H Schwann cell

A signal propagating down an axon to the cell body and dendrites of the next cell.

Axon structure
3 LAYERS: (outside inside) Epineurium: sheath covering whole nerve that contains many fasiculi of nerve fibers. Perineurium: covers each fasciculus of the nerve Endoneurium: covers each nerve fiber within the fasiculus.

Internal structure of axon:

Axoplasm: (long central core of cytoplasm in the axon) Receives synthesized proteins & neurotransmitters from cell body by axonal flow Axolemma: (tubular sheath like membrane covering the axoplasm) Axis cylinder of nerve fiber: (axoplasm + axolemma)

Myelinated / Insulated & Non-myelinated / un-insulated nerve fibers: Non-myelinated nerve fiber: Axis cylinder of nerve fiber is covered by a membrane neurilemma. Myelinated nerve fiber: Axis cylinder is covered by a thick sheath myelin sheath, which is then covered by neurilemma.

Myelin sheath
Not continuous absent at regular intervals node of Ranvier (here neurilemma is in contact with axolemma by invagination) Inter-node nerve fiber between 2 nodes. Gives white color to nerve fiber. Formed by concentrically alternating lipid (cholesterol, lecithin, sphingomyelin) & protein layers.

Myelinogenesis

Formation of myelin sheath around the axon. In peripheral nerve, it starts at 4th I.U month. It is completed in 2nd year after birth. Myelin sheath is produced by layers of Schwann cells. Outermost layer of schwann cells remain as neurilemma / Sheath of Schwaan. Cytoplasm of schwann cells is not deposited. Nucleus of schwann cells remain between neurilemma & myelin sheath. It is flattened & elongated. 1 nucleus at each inter-node of axon. Schwaan cells absent in CNS. Neurilemma is absent in CNS. In CNS OLIGODENDROGLIA MYELIN SHEATH. In PNS SCHWANN CELLS MYELIN SHEATH.

FUNCTIONS OF MYELIN SHEATH:

FASTER CONDUCTION: Saltatory / jumping HIGH INSULATION: Prevents stimulation of neighboring fibers.

Heights by great men reached & kept -were not attained in a sudden flight! They whilst their companions slept . were toiling upwards in the night !!!

Classification of Neuron:

ON THE BASIS OF POLES: Unipolar, Bipolar & Multipolar neurons. ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTION: Motor neurons, Sensory neurons. ON THE BASIS OF LENGTH OF AXON: Golgi Type I (long axons) neurons & Golgi Type II (short axons) neurons.

A BIPOLAR B MULTIPOLAR

On the basis of poles:

UNIPOLAR NEURONS: From single pole axons & dendrites. Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve. PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR: Both dendrite and axon common stem divide into 2 processes axon and dendrite. Examples: post. Spinal root ganglia. BIPOLAR NEURONS: 2 poles 1 for axon, other for dendrite. Examples: in retina, ganglia of inner ear, olfactory mucous membrane. MULTIPOLAR NEURONS: Many poles 1 for axon, others for dendrites. Examples: most neurons of CNS. INTER-NEURONS: Connecting neurons. Lie within CNS. Connect receptor and effector neurons. Excitatory or inhibitory.

On the basis of function:

MOTOR / EFFERENT NEURONS: CNS Impulses peripheral effector / target organs (muscles, glands, blood vessels). Long axons & short dendrites. SENSORY / AFFERENT NEURONS: Periphery Impulses CNS. Short axons & long dendrites.

On the basis of length of axon:

GOLGI TYPE I: Long axons remote peripheral organs. Cell body in CNS. GOLGI TYPE II: Short axons. Location: Cerebral cortex & Spinal cord.

Classification of nerve fibers:

General classification: type A large & medium sized myelinated fibers of spinal nerves) alpha , beta, gamma, delta type C small, unmyelinated, low velocity of conduction. Constitute > 50% of sensory fibers in most peripheral nerves + post ganglionic autonomic fibers

Classification by sensory physiologists:

Ia / A alpha
Fibers from annulospiral endings of muscle spindles. 17 micron dia 16 m in dia.

Ib /A alpha
Fibers from golgi tendon organs.

II /A beta III /A & gamma delta

Fibers from most discrete cutaneous tactile receptors & flower spray endings of muscle spindle. 8 m in dia. Fibers carrying temperature, crude touch & pricking pain.

IV / C

Unmyelinated fibers carrying pain, itch, temperature & crude touch.

3 m in dia. 0.5-2 m in dia

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION:

On the basis of structure On the basis of distribution On the basis of source of origin On the basis of function On the basis of chemical neurotransmitter On the basis of diameter & conduction / Erlanger-Gasser classification

On the basis of structure:

Myelinated covered by myelin sheath Unmyelinated not covered by myelin sheath

On the basis of distribution:

Somatic supply skeletal muscles Visceral / Autonomic supply internal organs

On the basis of source of origin:

Cranial from the brain Spinal from the spinal cord

On the basis of function:

Motor / Efferent (CNS Periphery) Sensory / Afferent (periphery CNS)

On the basis of chemical neurotransmitter

Adrenergic secrete nor-adrenaline Cholinergic secrete acetylcholine

On the basis of diameter & conduction velocity:

Type A (myelinated): alpha (Group Ia & Ib), beta (Group II), gamma (Group II), delta (Group III). Type B (myelinated) Type C (unmyelinated): Group IV

Diameter is directly proportional to conduction velocity. (fig 46.6 Guyton 11th ed) Range of velocity: 120m/ses (large myelinated ) to 0.5 m/sec (smallest fibers).