CELL STRUCTURE & CELL ORGANISATION

Organelles (little organ) tiny structures inside a cell that perform specific functions for a cell. Example: mitochondria, lysosome and chloroplast.

THE UNIQUENESS OF THE CELL

A cell is unique: Specialisation Division of labour Coordination and integration

 Living components of cell is called as PROTOPLASM (cytoplasm + nucleus) The cytoplasms contains ORGANELLES - Perform specific functions which enable the cell to function as a unit of life

 1. Mitochondrion (pl: Mitochondria): AC and PC spherical / rod-shaped organelles two membranes: Inner membrane form cristae & Outer membrane regular and smooth an energy source site of cellular aerobic respiration produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

NUCLEUS
contains the genetic material regulates and controls the activities of the cell an organelle bounded by double (2) layers of nuclear membrane with pores and selectivelypermeable responsible for all cellular structure, chemical functions, growth a nd reproduction separates the genetic materials (chromatin) from cytoplasm

NUCLEOLUS
spherical structure within the nucleus consists of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) and proteins visible when the cell is not dividing synthesis RNA which is needed to make ribosomes

NUCLEOPLASM
fluid contained within the nucleus highly viscous solid made up of the chromatin and the nucleolus

CHROMOSOMES
thread-like structures (consists of genetic material) appears as chromatin spread throughout the nucleus in the form of tiny granules chromatin condenses into chromosomes (during cell division) carry genetic information in its DNA

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
connected to the nuclear membrane synthesises proteins, steroids and lipids collects, stores and distributes protein, steroids and lipids exists as rough ER and smooth ER Rough ER: covered with ribosomes, flat sealed sac which continued from the nuclear membrane, transports protein, and have a large surface area for chemical reactions. Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes, transports lipids and presents in large amounts of cells.

PLASMA MEMBRANE
cell membrane thin membrane surround the cytoplasm of a cell selectively permeable / semi permeable a protective and selective outer barrier consists of phospholipids and protein molecules

GOLGI APPARATUS
bound sacs processes, packages and transport molecules synthesised in the cell forms lysosomes transports and stores lipids synthesis of carbohydrate from hormone changes protein into glycoprotein excretes waste products out of the cell

CYTOPLASM
aqueous solution (except nucleus) stores water, enzymes, nutrient, salts and dissolved gases provided support, shape and protects the cell organelles medium for metabolic reactions provides substances

LYSOSOME (ac)
sac-like organelle with one membrane digest proteins, lipids and carbohydrates removes undigested materials releases enzymes to digest external materials

CENTRIOLE (ac)
are paired cylindrical organelles nine tubes with three tubules each produces spindle during cell division (mitosis and meiosis) migrate to the opposite poles of the cell (during cell division will be discussed in Chapter 5 Cell Division)

CELL WALL (ac)

rigid and tough cellulose layer surrounding the plasma membrane (cell membrane) protects and supports the cell maintains the shape prevents the cell from busting (excessive intake of water) allows substances to move freely through the cell wall

CHLOROPLAST (pc)
disc / lens-shaped organelle have two membranes: inner and outer membrane contains chlorophyll in the grana to trap sunlight energy carry out photosynthesis in the chlorophyll storage of food and pigments

CELL ORGANISATION
Unicellular A single cell performs all the basic life process. Example: Amoeba sp.,Paramecium sp., Chlamydomonas, Bacteria and Euglena. Multicellular An organism consists of more than one cell. Each group of cell specialized to carry our life processes. Example: Homo sapien (human), animals and plants. It has five levels of organisation

 Cells: basic units of structure and function. Example: Red blood cells and xylem vessel cells. Tissues: made up of cells with similar in structure and function. Example: Epithelial tissues and vascular tissues. Organs: made up of tissues that perform a specific function. Example: Heart and flower. System: two of more organs that perform a specific function. Example: Digestive system and root system. Organisms: whole living thing that carry out all the basic life processes. Example: Human and durian tree.

CELL ORGANISATION in Amoeba sp.

Cell structure Amoeba sp.: plasma membrane, food vacuole, contractile vacuole, pseudopodium, nucleus, ectoplasma, endoplasm. Locomotion Amoeba sp.: Pseudopodium (false foot) helps it to move forward slowly and it is known asamoeboid movement.

Feeding Amoeba sp.: Omnivore. Eat bacteria, plant cells, algae and other microscopic organisms. Entrapment extend pseudopodium. Engulfment engulf tiny food (phagocytosis) with its pseudopodia. Digestion food enclosed in food vacuole Absorption enzyme digests the bacteria Egesting expel indigestible material.

Reproduction Amoeba sp.: two types of reproduction. Binary Fission nucleus divides (favourable condition) and then follows by division of cytoplasm. Two daughter cells are formed (mitotic division). Spore Formation spores form (bad condition) and germinate into new amoeba under favourable condition.

Osmoregulation Amoeba sp.: water moves into the cell by osmosis and prevention of bursting, it has a contractile vacuole.
Respiration exchange gases throughout the whole cell membrane

Excretion waste products are ammonia and carbon dioxide by diffusion. Solid waste in paramecium is expelled through its anal pore.

CELL SPECIALISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS consists of more than one cell

 Zygote divides to form 2 identical daughter cells and these cells in turn divide to form 4 identical cells which dividing repeatedly to form an embryo

 These cells grow, change shape & adapt themselves to carry out specific functions They differentiate & become more specialised in order to perform specific tasks more efficiently

CELL

TISSUES

ORGAN

SYSTEM

ORGANISM

The necessity for cell specialisation and cell organisation

Cell specialisation a process of change & adaptation that a cell undergoes to give it special structures & specific functions. Cell organisation important to multicellular organisms as complex orgnisms require various types of tissues, organs and systems to function

Specialisation is essential because..

Able to carry out a specific function more efficiently Division of works enables the organisms to carry out various tasks and function in an orderly manner All living process can be carried out more efficiently & enables them to achieve a higher growth rate

CELL ORGANISATION IN HUMAN & ANIMALS

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Consists of 1 or more layers of cells Are tightly interconnected, little space between Form a continuous layer over body surfaces & inner lining of cavities Some also form glands Function: protection, secretion, absorption

MUSCLE TISSUES
Most abundant Composed of long cells called muscl fibres

CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Consists of various types of cells and fibres separated by an extracellular matrix Widely distributed and have many functions Underlies epithelial tissues consists of collagen, capillaries & spaces Eg: tendon, ligament, cartilage, bones, blood lymph & adipose tissue

Connective tissues
CARTILAGE

Functions
- Packed collagen fibres form tendons & ligaments - Cartilage is a strong yet flexible CT to provide support to the nose, ears & cover the ends of bones at joints - Also forms discs between vertebrae (cushion to absorb pressure) - Provide protection to organs in the body & support the body - Regulating , transporting and protecting

BONE TISSUE

BLOOD

LYMPH

- The fluid which leaks out of blood capillaries

FAT CELLS

- Stores energy & insulate the body

NERVE TISSUES
Composed of neurons Each neuron consists of a cell body & nerve fibres called dendrites & axons Neurons -Specialised to transmit nerve impulses Nerve tissues control & coordinate activities of the body

EFFERENT NEURON

INTERNEURON

AFFERENT NEURON

 AFFERENT (bipolar) INTERNEURON EFFERENT (multipolar)

ORGANS
Formed by 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform particular functions Examples: heart, lungs, skin, kidneys, eyes and ears Example : HEART consists of cardiac muscle, connective tissue, nerve tissue and epithelial tissue -> work together to pump the blood

SYSTEMS
Consists of several organs that cooperate to carry out a living process such as the digestion of food 11 major systems in human An organ may belong to more than one system.

CELL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS

Plant cells also undergo cell specialisation. Plants organs (leaves, stem, root) are formed from 2 main types of tissues
Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

Plant tissues

Meristematic tissues

Permanent tissues

Apical meristem

Lateral meristem

Epidermal tissue

Vascular tissue

xylem Ground tissue

phloem

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Consists of small cells, thin walls, large nuclei, dense cytoplasm and no vacuoles Young & actively dividing cells which have not undergone differentiation

 Two types:
APICAL MERISTEMS
Located at the tips of roots and buds of shoots Undergo mitotic division to increase the number of cells

LATERAL MERISTEMS
In the peripheral area of stems & roots Responsible for secondary growth which add girth to the plants

PERMANENT TISSUES
Consist of more mature cells that are either undergoing differentiation or already undergone differentiation 3 types:
Epidermal Ground Vascular

Epidermal

Ground

vascular