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  • oPTICAL COUPLER

    Transféré par

    Yogesh Aggarwal
    226 vues19 pages
    An optical coupler is a device that combines or splits optical signals. It has one or more inputs and multiple outputs, allowing light entering one input to appear on one or more outputs. Optical couplers are used to combine or divide optical signals, act as optical switches, and for signal distribution in networks. The most common type is a fused biconical taper coupler, which is fabricated by twisting two optical fibers together and heating them to fuse the fibers into a tapered structure, allowing light to couple between the fibers. Optical couplers come in different configurations like three-port splitters, four-port couplers, and star couplers with multiple ports.

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    An optical coupler is a device that combines or splits optical signals. It has one or more inputs and multiple outputs, allowing light entering one input to appear on one or more outputs. Optical couplers are used to combine or divide optical signals, act as optical switches, and for signal distribution in networks. The most common type is a fused biconical taper coupler, which is fabricated by twisting two optical fibers together and heating them to fuse the fibers into a tapered structure, allowing light to couple between the fibers. Optical couplers come in different configurations like three-port splitters, four-port couplers, and star couplers with multiple ports.

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    226 vues19 pages

    oPTICAL COUPLER

    Transféré par

    Yogesh Aggarwal
    An optical coupler is a device that combines or splits optical signals. It has one or more inputs and multiple outputs, allowing light entering one input to appear on one or more outputs. Optical couplers are used to combine or divide optical signals, act as optical switches, and for signal distribution in networks. The most common type is a fused biconical taper coupler, which is fabricated by twisting two optical fibers together and heating them to fuse the fibers into a tapered structure, allowing light to couple between the fibers. Optical couplers come in different configurations like three-port splitters, four-port couplers, and star couplers with multiple ports.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    sur 19

    Prepared by : Yogesh Aggarwal 892640

    What exactly is Optical Coupler ?


    Device having one or more inputs & several outputs. Light enter from one input can appear on one or more output. The output thus obtained can vary according to power distribution which in turn depends upon wavelength and polarisation Pretty simple, isnt it ??

    Need for fiber couplers


    For combining optical signals For dividing optical signals from one branch to several branches Can be used as the optical switches Very useful for distribution systems including data buses, LAN, computer networks and many more . . .

    How power transfer can take place ?

    Two types: - a) Core interaction type b) Surface interaction type

    Core interaction type

    Surface interaction type

    Different types of couplers


    Three Port Splitter Four port Coupler

    M or N Ports N ports

    Three Port Combiner

    Star Coupler

    Methods of fabricating Couplers

    A wide variety techniques for fabrication have been developed.


    Fiber Couplers

    Lateral offset technique

    Fused Biconical Taper (FBT)

    Mirror based beam splitters

    Semi-transparent mirror method

    Micro-lens and mirror method

    FBT is most widely used.

    Lateral Offset method


    Light from input fiber is coupled to the output fibers according to the degree of overlapping of fiber end faces. Suited for use with SMI fiber. Not all the input power is coupled to output.

    Semi-Transparent Mirror Method


    The input power is splitting in any desired ratio between the reflected and transmitted beam according to the property of intervening mirror Can be used for MM and SM fiber.

    Semi-transparent mirror

    GRIN rod lens based microoptic coupler


    Comprises of 2 quarter pitched lenses with semi-transparent mirror between them. Light from F1 collimate in the first lens before they are incident on the mirror. A portion of the incident beam is reflected back and coupled to F2 while the transmitted light is focused in the second lens and coupled to fiber F3

    Fused Biconical Taper Coupler

    The most common method of manufacturing couplers. The fibers are twisted together and then spot fused under tension such that the fused section is elongated to form biconical taper structure. Suited for the use with MM & SM fiber.

    Steps to make it FBT


    Twist two bare fibers around each other Heat the junction until the glass softens and the cladding fuses Pull the fiber ends apart, forming a taper in the fused portion of the coupler

    How Operation takes place?


    In Multimode Fibers: Coupling occurs because higher ordered modes no longer strike the core-cladding interface because of the bending occurring in the interaction length. Lower ordered modes do not travel near critical angle and so propagate to port 2. In Single Mode Fibers: The taper brings the two cores closer to each other, and reduce the fiber core diameter. Hence, it lowers the normalized frequency, V

    Losses in FBT
    Excess Loss: 10 log10 (P1/P3+P2) Insertion Loss: 10 log10 (P1/P2) Crosstalk: 10 log10 (P4/P1) Split Ratio: [P3/(P3+P2)]*100%

    Star Coupler

    It is SM & MM fiber coupler with more than 4 ports. The FBT technology is used to fabricate star couplers, which relies on the coupling of the higher order modes between the different fibers.

    Fabrication of Star Coupler

    Losses For Star Coupler

    Splitting Loss : 10 log10 N(dB) Excess Loss: 10 log10[Pi/ Pj] (dB) (Summation from 1 to N)

    Insertion Loss: Same as FBT.

    WDM Couplers

    The coupler which enables the light from two or more optical sources of different optical wavelength to be launched in parallel into a single optical fiber.
    1 2 3 4

    1 2 3 4

    Multiplexer

    1,2,3, 4

    Demultiplexer

    Optical Mux couples light while Demux separate the different carriers. A WDM system can transmit voice, video and data on separate wavelengths.

    Any Questions?

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