Disorders of the eyelids and optic globe

(conjunctiva, cornea, and uvea)

Intraocular pressure (glaucoma)
Lens (cataract)
Vitreous humor and retinas
Dual pathways and visual cortex
Extraocular muscles and eye
movement
Sclera
Outer supporting layer
Choroid
Middle vascular layer
Retina
Composed of the neuronal retinal layer and
the outer pigmented layer
Visual receptor function of the eyeball
The optic nerve
Visual pathways that carry and
distribute sensory information from the
optic glove to the CNS
Primary and visual association cortices
that translate the sensory signals into
visual images
Description
A hollow spherical structure that functions
in the reception of the light rays that
provide the stimuli for vision
Mechanism of vision
The refractive surface of the cornea and
accommodative properties of the lens
focus the light signals from near and far
objects on the photoreceptors in the retina
Palpebrae
Modified folds of skin that protect the
eyeball
Palpebral fissure
The oval opening between the upper and
lower eyelids
Canthus
Found at the corners of the eye, where the
upper and lower lids meet
Tarsus (plate of dense connective
tissue)
Gives the lid its shape
Contains modified sebaceous glands,
called meibomian glands, the ducts of
which open onto the eyelid margins
Seborrheic form
Usually associated with seborrhea (i.e.,
dandruff) of the scalp or brows
Staphylococcal blepharitis
May be caused by Staphylococcus
epidermitis or S. aureus
The lesions are often ulcerative
Major lacrimal gland
Produces the tears
The puncta and tear sac
Collect the tears
Nasolacrimal duct
Empties the tears into the
nasal cavity
Conjunctivitis
Infectious conjunctivitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis
Chlamydial conjunctivitis
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Allergic conjunctivitis
An extremely thin outer
epithelial layer
Continuous with the
bulbar conjunctiva
A middle layer called
the substantia propria
or stroma
Composed of regularly
arranged collagen
bundles embedded in a
mucopolysaccharide
matrix
An inner endothelial
layer
Lies next to the aqueous
humor of the anterior
chamber
Corneal trauma (image 1)

Keratitis
(image 2)

Herpes simplex keratitis (image 3)

Abnormal corneal deposits

Arcus senilis (image 4)
Controls the size of the pupil
Is controlled by the autonomic nervous
system
The parasympathetic nervous system
controls pupillary constriction
The sympathetic nervous system controls
pupillary dilation
The aqueous humor
Serves to maintain the intraocular pressure
and
Provides for the nutritive needs of the lens
and posterior cornea
Mediates the exchange of respiratory
gases
Contains a low concentration of protein
and high concentrations of ascorbic acid,
glucose, and amino acids
Definition
An optic neuropathy characterized by optic
disk cupping and visual field loss
Causes
An increase in intraocular pressure that
results from abnormalities in the balance
between aqueous production and outflow
Most common cause is an interference with
aqueous outflow from the anterior
chamber, rather overproduction of
aqueous humor
 Seeing through
glaucoma patients’
Angle-closure (narrow-angle) vs.
open-angle (wide-angle)
Depends on location, circulation, and
resorption
Congenital vs. acquired condition
Primary vs. secondary disorder
Primary: no evidence of preexisting ocular or
systemic disease
Secondary: results from inflammatory
processes affecting the eye, tumors, or blood
cells of trauma-produced hemorrhage
Excessive lacrimation and photophobia
Affected infants tend to be fussy, have
poor eating habits, and rub their eyes
frequently
Diffuse edema of the cornea usually
gives the eye a grayish-white
appearance
Enlargement of the entire globe
(buphthalmos)
The lens is an avascular, transparent,
biconvex body, the posterior side of which
is more convex than the anterior side
A thin, highly elastic lens capsule is
attached to the surrounding ciliary body
by delicate suspensory radial ligaments
called zonules, which hold the lens in
place
When changing lens shape, the tough
elastic sclera acts as a bow, the zonule
and the lens capsule act as the bowstring
The suspensory ligaments and lens
capsule are normally under tension,
causing a flattened shape for distant
vision
Contraction of the muscle fibers of the
ciliary body produces a more spherical
or convex shape for near vision
Hyperopia or See what they see...
farsightedness
The anterior-posterior
dimension of the
eyeball is too short,
the image is focused
posterior to (behind)
the retina
Myopia or
nearsightedness
The anterior-posterior
dimension of the
eyeball is too long, the
focus point for an
infinitely distant target
is anterior to the retina
Refers to changes in
vision that occur
because of aging
Cataract
Lens opacity that
interferes with the
transmission of light
to the retina
The most common
cause of age-related
visual loss in the
world
Effects of aging
Genetic influences
Environmental and metabolic
influences
Drugs
Injury
Definition
A colorless, amorphous biologic gel that fills
the posterior cavity of the eye
Composition
Approximately 99% water, some salts,
glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and dispersed
collagen fibrils
Location
Attached to the ciliary body and the
peripheral retina in the region of the ora
serrata and to the periphery of the optic disk
Receive visual images
Partially analyze them
Transmit this modified information to
the brain
Three layers of neurons
A posterior layer of photoreceptors
A middle layer of bipolar cells
An inner layer of ganglion cells that
communicate with the photoreceptors
Rods, capable of black–white
discrimination
Cones, capable of color discrimination
Ischemia of the retina
Papilledema
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Diabetic retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Atherosclerosis of retinal vessels
Retinopathy of prematurity
‘Dry” form
An atrophic non-exudative
“Wet” form
Exudative
Visual field defects
Retinal defects
Disorders of the optic pathways
Disorders of the Visual Cortex
Amblyopia
A condition of diminished vision in which
no detectable organic lesion of the eye is
present
Strabismus
Any abnormality of eye coordination or
alignment that results in loss of binocular
vision
Paralytic strabismus
Non-paralytic strabismus
Innervated by three cranial nerves
The abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates
the lateral rectus
The trochlear nerve (CN IV) innervates
the superior oblique
The oculomotor nerve (CN III)
innervates the remaining four muscles