Mendels law Of inheritance

The law of segregation The law of independent assortment

Monohybrid inheritance Involve only a pair of contrasting

traits of a character.

Mendel carried out an experiment by

using pure-breeding tall plant and pure-breeding short plant.

He carried out other experiment

to studied about other character.

Monohybrid cross
Parental generation (P)

Pure-breeding plant

First filial generation (f1) all seeds spherical

(dominant) self-polinate

Second filial generation (f2)

show 3:1 ratio

F3 generation

F1 and F2 generation

Mendels first law of inheritance: the law of segregation

The character of the diploid organism are determined by alleles which occur in pairs. The two alleles of gene separate (segregate) during the formation of gametes. Only one alleles is carried in a gamete which unite randomly during fertilisation.

Therefore, gametes have one alleles from male and one from female

Main concept : 1.Genes exist in alternative forms (a

can either:

gene can exist in more than 1 form). Eg: gene that determines stem length

Tall (T)
T T T T

Short (t)
t t t t

2.A diploid organism inherits from each

parent 1 or 2 alleles (alternative forms of a gene) for a character.

Pure-breeding parent
tall (TT)

short (tt)

F1 generations: Tt
From TT From Tt tall (Tt) tall (Tt) tall (Tt)

3.During gamete formation, 2 alleles of a gene

separate or segregate. During fertilization (combine), the resultant offspring contain 1 allele from each parent. (Law of Segregation )

gametes of tall plants carry a T allele while the gametes of short plants carry a t allele

After fertilization, F 1 the resultant F1 plants have 2 alleles

Tt.

Tt.

Tt.

Tt.

4. When 2 alleles of a pair are different, 1 allele is

dominant (shown) and the other is recessive (hidden).
F1 generation

F2 generation

TT

Tt

Tt

tt

recessive parental trait is manifested in the F2 generation

The importance of meiosis 1 in the segregation of alleles

T T T T t

Both are pure-breeding (carries homologous alleles) During metaphase 1, the homologous chromosome are arranged on the metaphase plate During anaphase 1, the homologous pairs separate with chromosome moving to opposite pole

Metaphase 1

Anaphase 1

t At the end, only one allele for each trait found in each gamete. F1 have one pair of alleles with the character at the same loci (Tt)

F1

F1 generation (tall)
T t T t F1 generation were allowed to self-pollinate

x
As the result, F2 generation with 3 different genotypes combination.

F2 generation
TT Tt Tt tt

Tall

Tall

Tall

Short

Dominant and recessive characters in human

Hair Lips Skin Colour of iris Ability to roll tongues Dimples Ear lobe Colour vision Dominant Recessive Dominant Recessive Dominant Recessive Dominant Recessive Dominant Recessive Dominant Recessive Dominant Recessive Dominant Recessive curly straight thick thin pigmented albino black blue yes no yes no free attached normal colour blind attached free thin thick straight curly

Example of genetic problems 1

Phenotype of parents Genotype of parents
Ability to roll tongue

BB

BB

Gametes
Genotype of F1 Phenotypes of F1

BB

All offspring have the ability to roll the tongue

Example of genetic problems 2

Ability to roll tongue

Phenotype of parents Genotype of parents

Bb
B BB
Able

X
b Bb
Able

Bb
B Bb
Able

b bb
unable 3:1

Gametes

Genotype of F1 Phenotypes of F1 Phenotype ratio Genotype ratio

Able : unable BB:Bb:bb

1:2:1

Try to solve the genetic problem that occur when the type of crosses are:
1. bb X bb 2. BB X Bb 3. BB X bb 4. Bb X bb

Answer according to genotype ratio:

1. All bb 2. BB:Bb 3. BB:Bb:bb(1:2:1) 4. Bb:bb

Dihybrid inheritance
Mendel continued his experiment by
crossing pea plant to study the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting traits.
pea plant that differed in two characters:

Carried out dihybrid crosses between

Round seeds (R) which are dominant, wrinkled seeds (r) which are recessive Yellow seeds (Y) dominant green seeds (y) recessive

 F1 generation shown the dominant F1 generation were allowed to

self-pollinate.

character of round and yellow (RrYy).

F1 generation
RrYy RrYy

Dihybrid cross
Parent F1
Pure-breeding pea plant

F1 self-pollinate
gametes

F2

F2 generation shows 4 combination as shown in Punnet square

Gametes
RY Ry rY ry

RY
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy

Ry
RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy

rY
RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy

ry
RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

F2 genotype F2 phenotype

: _________ : _________

F2 genotypic ratio : _________ F2 phenotypic ratio: _________

Mendels second law of inheritance: the law of independent assortment

Two or more pairs of alleles segregate independently of one another during gametes formation. Therefore, traits are inherited by the offspring independent of one another.

Main concept :
1.The segregation of alleles for shape
does not effect the segregation of alleles for the colour.

2.Segregation occur independently

because they are locate at different chromosomes. different allele combination and produce recombination that lead to genetic variation.

3.Explain the production of gamete with

The involvement of meiosis in the independent assortment of chromosomes

A A a a B B b b A A B B b Meiosis 2 Meiosis 1 A b b

A b

B
B

AB

ab

Ab

aB