Functions:

The absorption and circulation of materials throughout an organism.

1. 2.

Delivers food and oxygen to body cells. Carries carbon dioxide and other waste products away from cells.

HEART
1. Deoxygenated blood--relatively low in oxygen Oxygenated blood--relatively high in oxygen 2. Transport of wastes from cells. (urea, water, carbon dioxide in the form of the bicarbonate ion) 3. Helps to maintain a constant body temperature. 4. Aids the body in fighting disease

BLOOD VESSELS
1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart all except the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood thick walled and elastic

PULSE - expansion and contraction of the artery walls in response to the heartbeat

2. Veins
carry blood toward the heart contain valves closer to the body surface than the arteries all except the pulmonary vein carry deoxygenated blood thinner, less muscular and elastic than arteries depend upon muscle and diaphragm movements for blood flow

3. Capillaries

most numerous vessels connect arteries to veins microscopic, one cell thick walls
site of much exchange between the blood and the

intracellular fluid (lymph) by diffusion

Lymph vessels one cell thick walls present around all body cells Lymph composition is similar to that of blood except for the absence of RBC and some plasma proteins. chief site of material exchange with the tissues

BLOOD
A connective tissue made up of blood cells and a liquid called plasma.

About 7% of your body mass About 4.5- 5.6 Liters in an adult human

FUNCTIONS Homeostasis 1. Transport substances 2. Regulate the pH of body tissues 3. Prevent excessive blood loss 4. Fight infections

Plasma

straw yellow liquid (92% H2O) 8 % nutrients, salts, urea, hormones carries RBC, WBC, platelets, carbon dioxide, food, and waste products

BLOOD CELL TYPES

White Blood Cell Types

Phagocytes - engulf bacteria and viruses by phagocytosis
- able to leave the bloodstream and move between the cells of the body by squeezing through the capillary walls

Lymphocytes -produce antibodies which clump bacterial poisons or bacteria (antigens) antigens - foreign substances in the body

Platelets

Lifespan: 10 days 150K to 400K cells per drop of blood

FUNCTION: creates fibrin = enzyme that helps clot blood (tiny threads seal cuts)

Human digestive system

Ingestion
Mouth
mechanical digestion

teeth

breaking up food

chemical digestion

saliva

amylase enzyme digests starch mucin slippery protein (mucus) protects soft lining of digestive system lubricates food for easier swallowing buffers neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay anti-bacterial chemicals (LYSOZYME) kill bacteria that enter mouth with food

Swallowing

Digestive Glands
Groups of

specialized secretory cells

Found in the

lining of the alimentary canal or accessory organs

Peristalsis
series of involuntary

wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract

Stomach
Food is temporarily

stored
Gastric juices are

secreted
Mechanically and

chemically breaks down food.

Stomach
Functions
food storage can stretch to fit ~2L food
disinfect food
HCl

= pH 2

kills bacteria

chemical digestion
pepsin

enzyme breaks down proteins

Gall bladder
Pouch structure located near the liver which

concentrates and stores bile

Bile duct a long tube that carries BILE.

The top half of the common bile duct is associated with the liver, while the bottom half of the common bile duct is associated with the pancreas, through which it passes on its way to the intestine.

BILE
Bile emulsifies lipids (physically breaks apart

FATS)
Bile is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid,

stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.

Pancreas
An organ which secretes both digestive enzymes (exocrine) and hormones (endocrine)

Pancreatic juice digests all major nutrient types.

Pancreas
Digestive enzymes
digest proteins trypsin chymotrypsin digest starch amylase

Buffers
neutralizes

acid from stomach

Liver
Function: produces bile

bile stored in gallbladder until needed

breaks up fats; act like detergents to breakup fats

mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder break up fats pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & starch

stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food

Small intestine
Function chemical digestion

major organ of digestion & absorption

absorption through lining over 6 meters! small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2 (~size of tennis court)

Structure: 3 sections

duodenum = most digestion jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water ileum = absorption of nutrients & water

Absorption by Small Intestines

Absorption through villi & microvilli finger-like projections increase surface area for absorption

VILLI

Large intestines
Function
re-absorb water use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices > 90% of water reabsorbed not enough water absorbed diarrhea too much water absorbed constipation

Large Intestine
Solid materials pass

through the large intestine. These are undigestible solids (fibers). Water is absorbed. Vitamins K and B are reabsorbed with the water. Rectum- solid wastes exit the body.

Youve got company!

Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria
Escherichia coli (E. coli)

produce vitamins vitamin K; B vitamins generate gases by-product of bacterial metabolism methane, hydrogen sulfide

Rectum
Last section of colon
eliminate feces

undigested materials extracellular waste mainly cellulose from plants roughage or fiber masses of bacteria

1. How would perspiring on a hot day affect a persons urine production?

2. How do the kidneys maintain a normal blood

pressure? 3. How do the kidneys and liver respond to a hypoxic condition (hypoxia = low blood oxygen concentration due to hemorrhage)? 4. Why is the thymus gland more developed in children than in adults? 5. What makes the skin as an effective mechanical barrier against infection?