Handover Issue Training

Internal
OMF010002 Handover
ISSUE 2.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Handover is key technology of Mobile communication system and make continued conversation possible. Handover algorithm in Huawei product is flexible and powerful
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Upon completion this course, you will be
able to: Understand the type of handover. Master handover judgment flow Configure handover data
Master handover signaling flow
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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process Chapter 3 HO Data Configuration Chapter 4 HO Signaling process
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Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance To reduce the call drop rate To reduce the congestion rate
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Classification by Reason
Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO Interference Emergency HO load HO Normal HO Edge HO Layer HO Power Budget (PBGT) HO Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO) Concentric Cell HO
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Classification by Synchronization
Synchronous handover: source
and target cell belong the same BTS

Asynchronous handover: source and
target cell belong the different BTS
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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

1.1 General HO process
1.2 Measurement report preprocessing 1.3 Penalty processing 1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking 1.5 Condition of handover
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General process of HO Algorithm

M.R. preprocessing
OM forced HO Directed retry
1
Edge HO Layer HO
PBGT HO Fast moving MS HO Overlaid/underlaid HO
Penalty processing
TA emergency HO
BQ emergency HO RSD emergency HO
Basic ranking
Secondary ranking
Interf. emergency HO Load Sharing HO
HO judgment
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Processing program
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Measurement Report
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality. Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink
receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink receiving levels from the neighbor cells.
Serving cell
The downlink measurement report of the serving cell
Neighbour cell
The uplink measurement report of MS
The downlink measurement report of the neighbour cell (BCCH)
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MR interpolation
Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an update to the basic rank of the cells. BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS. Before the rank-update, BSC needs to recover the lost measurement reports according to Filter Table. If the lost MR amount is within the allowed range, then recovers the lost MR according to the algorithm.
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How to interpolate MR?
Co ou ns t i nM uR f l o w
M R
M R
M R
M R
M R
Me em a n s t u r e r ro e . p n o t N
M eo e mr a n t s tp u r r e e N o .4 n +
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1.2 Measurement report preprocessing 1.3 Penalty processing
1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking

1.5 Condition of handover
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Penalty Processing
There are altogether four types of penalty process (second step of
HO algorithm process ) Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails.
Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( base on BQ and TA ) is performed.
Penalty on other high priority layer cells after a fast moving HO is performed.
A new HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty time after an overlaid/underlaid HO fails.
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Penalty on the Target Cell
Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
Cell A
BTS
HO failure BSC
Cell B
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Penalty on the Source Cell
Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to BQ and TA) occurs.
Cell A
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell B
penalty on Non-umbrella Layer

Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to
Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Penalty on Overlaid/underlaid Cell

A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty time
after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.
Overlaid Underlaid
Do not attempt again after a failed HO!
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Procedure of Ranking
Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are major parts of
the HO judgment. Ranking is made through 16bits-algorithm. The serving cell and the neighbor cells will be listed in a cell list according to their 16bits value. The ranking processes include: M rule K rule 16bits ranking
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M rule
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions
can be put into the candidate cell list.

For serving cell
RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))
For Neighbor cell RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET
Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) P
Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) P
MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS. P : Max_Power_of_MS Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power
K rule Criterion
After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells are
ranked in descending order according to the receiving level only

Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own 16bits value.
The smaller the value is, the higher the priority and position the cell is in the cell list.
The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level
and the penalty process taking place beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell with the strongest signal level is 000.
16 15 14 13 12
11
10
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The 4th bit: determined by HO hysteresis

The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same layer )
hysteresis.
The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0, The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving level of the
serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0.
The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the serving
cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1. Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the same layer ) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that value will be used in the PBGT HO.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10
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The 5th10th bit: determined by Layer

The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position in
Huawei hierarchical network structure.

When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell is lower
than the layer HO threshold and hysteresis, this function is turned off and all bits are set to 0.
That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then this
function take effect.

Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be
further divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
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Hierarchical cell structure

Umbrella Cell GSM900 Cell GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM1800 Cell
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM1800
Micro Cell
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM1800
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The 11th bit: determined by load

The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion. Serving cell: if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1,
otherwise is set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1,
otherwise is set to 0.
Refer to Load HO Table for the load HO threshold and load req. on
candidate cell. Clue : When the cell load is higher than the threshold, then the bit 11th is set to 1.This is done in order to put the cell in a lower part of the cell list.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10
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The 12th/13th bit: determined by co-BSC/MSC

12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
Serving cell: is always set to 0. Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0, otherwise is set to 1. When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than layer HO threshold and hysteresis. This function is turned off and the value is set to 0. If the parameter Co-BSC/MSC Adj. in the HO control table is set to No, then this function is turned off and the value is 0.
13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having the same
concept as the 12th bit.
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10
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The 14th bit: determined by Layer HO

The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit Serving cell criterion
Receive level >= layer HO threshold layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0. If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1. Example : 20-5 = 15 ( -95 dBm )
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10
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The 14th bit: determined by Layer HO

Neighbor cell criterion
Receive level >=layer HO threshold + layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are set to 0 If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1. Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
note
The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteresis correspond to the value of that individual cells value. Usual situation : When the neighbor cells are of the same layer, each of the neighbor cells layer HO threshold value will be the same. Same concept goes for the layer HO hysteresis. This can maintain the entire hierarchical layers of the cell.
16 15 14 13 12
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The 15th bit: determined by Cell Type

The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type
Serving cell or Neighbor cells: When cell type is extension cell 1. When cell type is normal cell 0.
The 16th bit: Reserved bit
16 15 14 13 12
11 10
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1.1 General HO process 1.2 Measurement report preprocessing 1.3 Penalty processing 1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking 1.5 Condition of handover
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Types of HO
Emergency HO
TA HO BQ HO interference HO Rx_Level_Drop HO
Load HO Normal HO
Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO

Fast moving HO
Overlaid/underlaid HO
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TA&Bad Quality HO
TA HO criterion :
TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.

BQ HO criterion :
The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell >
UL Qual. Thrsh.
The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell > DL Qual. Thrsh.
Requirements on the target cell (same as the above two types of
HO) Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list i.e. lowest 16bits value.
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Due to downlink signal level drop Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy mode.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.
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Interference HO
Interference HO (DL&UL) :
When the receiving level > receiving threshold level. But Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.
The target cell is in the cell list.
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Cell Load HO
Cell Load HO Criterions :
System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
Requirements for the target cell
Load of target cell < Load HO threshold
BTS
BSC
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Edge HO
Edge HO Criterion:
In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor cells DL or MSs UL signal level is lower than the Edge HO threshold. Then the criterion is met and Edge HO occurs. This method utilizes the P/N rule.
The target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
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Layer HO
Layer HO criterions:
Serving cell : No requirement. Target cell :
Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.

Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold + layer cell hysteresis. Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell. The priority of target cell should be higher than the serving cells.
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PBGT HO
PBGT HO Criterions :
Target cells path loss is smaller than the serving cells path loss by the PBGT threshold value. Satisfying the P/N rule.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.

Note :
PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell. If the system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can occur in either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.
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Fast-Moving HO
When the serving cell is micro cell :
When the MS has traveled through P numbers of cell, and there are Q (=<P) numbers of cell that the MS has traveled in high speed, the criteria is satisfied. MS will be handed over to umbrella cell.
When the serving cell is umbrella cell :
When the MS is traveling high speed in umbrella cell, a greater penalty can be given to the micro cell for a duration of time (penalty time). In this way, the MS will not use the micro cell. Note :In this case, the micro cell is only used under urgency conditions( Poor TA and BQ ).
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Overlaid/Underlaid Cell
Assume, 6TRX in one cell, one CDU and one SCU are adopted Where can we configure BCCH CH? CDU or SCU?
SCU
TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX
Antenna
Antenna
CDU
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Overlaid/Underlaid Cell
Purpose
Maximize coverage area Reduce interference and improve frequency reuse density
Construct method
Different combiner loss

Decrease the power of TRX By HO parameter, it is called IUO
Classify
Normal Underlaid/Overlaid IUO: Enhance Underlaid/Overlaid
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How to Allocate SDCCH/TCH?

SDCCH
SDCCH are always allocated in Underlaid Layer is allocated according the transmission delay of access burst
TCH
The receiving level TA They are included in MR of SDCCH CH on uplink reported by BTS
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Factor of Handover between Under/Overlaid

Normal Underlaid/Overlaid
Receiving level Time Advance Quality

Enhanced Underlaid/Overlaid
Receiving level Time Advance Quality Traffic Load of Underlaid
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Normal Overlaid/Underlaid HO
: Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink receive level ,TA value and quality.
underlaid
overlaid
The quality boundary is elided in this figure
Normal Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:
TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis OR RX_LEV <= RX_LEV threshold RX_LEV hysteresis OR Qua. =>Qua. threshold
Satisfying P/N rule

Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis AND RX_LEV >=RX_LEV threshold + RX_LEV hysteresis AND
Qua. =<Qua. threshold Satisfying P/N rule
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Enhance Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:
TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis OR RX_LEV <= O to U level OR Qua. =>Qua. threshold
Satisfying P/N rule

Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis AND
RX_LEV >= U to O level AND

Qua. =<Qua. Threshold
If the box U to O HO traffic threshold is checked, just in the condition that underlaid load is more than this threshold, U to O handover based on previous conditions can be triggered
Satisfying P/N rule
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Major HO Parameters Configuration

Major HO parameter configuration
1.[Handover Control Table] 2.[Cell Description Table] 3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table]
4.[Penalty Table]
5.[Emergency Handover Table] 6.[Load Handover Table] 7.[Normal Handover Table] 8.[Fast-Moving Handover Table] 9.[Concentric Cell Handover Table
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Handover Control Table

Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommend value
Co BSC/MSC Adj.
It means whether the 12 and 13 bits acts in the 16bit order. Yes means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred. No means that the 12 and 13 bits are shielded and set to0.
Yes, No
Yes
Penalty allowed
It determines whether to punish the target cell of handover failure, or the original served cell of handover upon too big TA or bad quality. The penalty measures can apply to cells in or out of the same BSC It determines whether to perform the handover to share traffic load. Load sharing can lower the channel assignment failure ratio caused by cell congestion, so as to make evener allocation of the service in respective cells, and lower the cell congestion rate , and improve network performance. It on ly applies in the same BSC or cells at the same level It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with the algorithm. It is only recommended in special a reas (such as a highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm should only be used in suitable conditions, and usually it is not applied
Yes, No
Yes
Load HO allowed
Yes, No
No
MS Fast moving HO allowed
Yes, No
No
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Parameter name Meaning It means whether RX _ Level Drop emergency handover algorithm is allowed, handover the MS which receiving signal level is dropping quickly in advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC must have original measurement report. It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping -pang handover, PBGT handover is only performed between cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH. It means after a handover whether MS is to use proper predicted transmitting power to access the new channel. This can reduce system interference and improve service quality y (this parameter acts when intra BSC handover occurs Value range Recommended value
RX _L evel Drop HO allowed
Yes, No
No
PBGT HO allowed
Yes, No
Yes
MS power prediction after HO
Yes, No
Yes
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Recommended Parameter name Meaning Value range value
Yes means perform measurement report preprocessing on BTS No means preprocessing on BSC, then the two parameters of Send original measurement report and Send BS/MS power level
do not act. Yes means decreasing of Abis interface

MR. reprocessing signaling and BSC load, and improving of network response time performance. The switch determines where to perform power control. When it is set to Yes, power control is performed at BTS side. When it is set to No, power control is performed at BSC side. When setting this parameter, first be clear whether BTS supports the power control algorithm to set or not. Yes, No Yes
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Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended value
It means whether to send the original measurement Transfer Original MR. report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing on BTS. When it is set to Yes, BTS sends not only processed measurement rep ort but also original measurement report to BSC. Yes, No No
It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS

to BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power Transfer BS/MS power class control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is available , if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink and downlink balance measurements will be affected, and handover types such as PBGT handover and overlaid/underlaid handover needing power compensation will be abnormal. Yes, No Yes
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Parameter name Meaning
Value range
Recommen ded value
It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report is preprocessed at B TS side and sent to BSC the Preprocessed measurement report. This parameter acts Sent Freq. of Preprocessed MR. only when Measurement t report preprocessing is enabled For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency should be as low as once per second due to limited link resource. At this time, for handover nee ding P/N judgment such as edge handover, layer handover, PBGT handover and overlaid/underlaid handover Twice per second, Once per second According to Concrete conditions
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Cell Description Table

Parameter name Meaning Huawei hierarchical network structure is divided into 4 layers. 16 The priorities can be set for each layer, which provides enough room of network planning for the operator to adapt to various complex network environment. Normally, Macro layer is the major 900 layers layer, Micro layer is the major 1800 layer, Pico is the 900 and 1800 micro cell layer. The smaller layer value, the higher priority. Each layer may have 16 priorities, used to control the handover priority between cells at the same layer. Usually priorities of priorities cells at the same layer are set the same. For cells at the same layer, the smaller the priority value, the higher the priority It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit ranking , and it is also the level requirement on the target cell for interference handover and load handover. Then such level should be higher than layer handover threshold + layer handover hysteresis. The layer handover threshold should be set >= Edge handover threshold + Inter cell handover hysteresis. Works together with the Layer handover threshold. Value range Recommended value
Layer of the cell
1 ~4
M900 : layer 3 M1800:Laye 2r
Cell priority
1~16
Layer HO Thrsh.
0 ~ 63
25
Layer HO hysteresis
0 ~ 63dB
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Cell Description Table

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended
name
value
It is valid when the fast moving handover algorithm is Penalty on MS Fasting moving HO enabled . It is the signal level penalty value on the other neighbor cells when MS moves fast and is handed over To umbrella cell. The parameter is only valid within the penalty time. Penalty Time on MS Fasting moving HO Min DL level 0n Candidate cell It means that within this time, the penalty on the other neighbor cells will be exerted after MS is handed over to umbrella cell by fast moving HO. This is the min signal level requirement for the cell itself to be a candidate cell low configuration may easily cause call drops, while too high a configuration might turn handover too hard to occur. 0 ~ 63 15 0~ 63dB 30
0 ~ 255 seconds
40
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Adjacent Cell Relation Table

Min access level offset
This offset is based on Min downlink level of handover candidate cell. Different offsets can be defined for different adjacent cells, and to enter the candidate cell list, the corresponding adjacent cell receiving signal level must be higher than the sum of Min. downlink level of handover candidate cell and Min. Access level offset. It means that PBGT handover is performed when the difference between the target cell downlink path loss and the corresponding to serving cell downlink path loss is bigger than PBGT handover threshold. When PBGT handover is enabled, and Inter cell handover hysteresis > PBGT handover threshold (corresponding dB value), Intercell handover hysteresis takes place of PBGT handover threshold to act. . PBGT handover threshold also needs to be adjusted according to handover performance statistics result Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the serving cell. It is set to reduce Ping pang HO. The hysteresis value also needs to be adjusted according to the handover performance statistics result and live network. Flexible configuration of the value can effectively lead handover and traffic between two adjacent cells.
0 ~ 63dB
PBGT HO thrsh
0~127 corresponding --64~63dB
It is around 68 in the densely populated downtown, and around 72 on the outskirts.
Inter cell HO hysteresis
0 ~ 63db
It is around 4 in the densely populated downtown, and around 8 on the outskirts.
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Penalty Table
Parameter name Meaning The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell Penalty level after HO fail which has caused a HO failure due to problems such as congestion , to prevent MS from a handover attempt to that cell again. This value is only valid within the penalty time for handover failure. Penalty time after HO fail Penalty level after BQ HO Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after seconds handover failure The signal level penalty value for the original serving cell, to avoid Ping- pang handover after emergency handover upon bad quality. It is only valid within the penalty time for BQ HO. 0 ~ 63d B 63 0 ~ 60second 10 0 ~ 63 dB 30 Value range Recommended value
fail
Penalty time after BQ HO fail
Penalty time for the original serving cell after BQ HO. seconds
0 ~ 60second
10
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Penalty Table
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recomm ended value
Eenalty level after TA HO fail
The signal strength penalty value for the original serving cell, to avoid Ping - pang handover after TA emergency
handover. It is only valid within the penalty time for ta

handover
0 ~ 63d B
63
Penalty time after TA HO fail
Penalty time for the original serving cell after TA emergency Seconds handover
0~ 60second
10
Penalty time
after IUO
HO fail
After an overlaid/underlaid handover failure (big circle hands Seconds over to small circle or vice versa), within certain time (this Parameter configuration value) overlaid/underlaid handover is forbidden for the same call
0~ 16second
10
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Emergency Handover Table
Parameter name
TA Thrsh.
Meaning When TAthis value, emergency handover is triggered The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is enabled, RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this value should be set to 70. The adjustment should also base on the current network quality and handover statistics. When triggering emergency handover, the first to select is the inter-cell handover, the intra-cell handover is only triggered when there is no candidate cell and the intra-cell handover is allowed in the serving cell.
Value range 0~63 bit period
Recommended value
63
DL QUAL. Thrsh
0~70, corresponding to BQ levels of 0~7
60
UL QUAL. Thrsh.
The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ emergency HO.
corresponding to BQ levels of 0~7
60
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UL Qual. Thrsh for interf. HO
Uplink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for interference handover. When frequency hopping or DTX is to enbaled , RQ becomes worse (normal phenomenon), this value should be set to 60. The adjustment should also base on the current network quality and handover statistics. When triggering interference handover. If the serving cell is in the first position and intra cell handover is permitted, perform intra cell handover . Otherwise select the second candidate cell to perform inter cell handover. 0~70, Downlink receiving quality threshold in the serving cell for corresponding corresponding to BQ levels of
50, interference quality threshold must be better than the emergency quality threshold
0~7
DL Qual. Thrsh. For interf HO
interference handover.
to BQ levels of
0~7
50
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Parameter r name Meaning Value range Recommended value
Min uplink receiving power threshold from the serving cell UL RX_LEV Thrsh. For interf.HO
required for interf. HO, when interference handover is

triggered if the uplink quality is worse than quality threshold and at this time the uplink signal level is higher than the signal threshold. When triggering interference handover, If the serving cell is in the first position in the cell list, and intra cell handover permitted , then start intra cell HO. Otherwise select the second cell to perform intercell HO. 0~63 25
DL RX_LEV Thrsh. For interf HO. Min downlink receiving power threshold from the serving cell required for interf. HO. 0 ~ 63 30
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Parameter name. Meaning Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal drop judgment, and together with filter parameter B, they are 9 parameters for a filter. The corresponding formula is (in the program, A1~A8 is configuration value minus 10 and B is the negative configuration value): C1(nt)=A1C(nt)+A2C(nt-t)+A3C(nt 2t)+ +A8C(nt-7t) Where, C (nt) is the receiving signal level in the uplink measurement report of the serving cell sent at the time of nt. If C1 ( nt ) < B, and C (nt) is below the edge handover threshold, then the signal level is considered to be of rapid drop. Used for configuration of filter for rapid signal drop judgment. Please refer to the explanation for A1~A8 of filter. Value range Recommen ded value
Filter Parameters A1~A8
0 ~ 20
10
Filter parameter B
0 ~255
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Load Handover Table

Recommended
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
value
System flux Thrsh. For
The pre condition for load HO is that the system flow (signaling flow) is lower the threshold. This value can not be set too high because load handover upon max threshold may cause serious effect to the system.
0, 8~11 system flow levels, to corresponding 10
load HO
0, 70, 80, 90
and 95. 0~7 cell load
Load HO Thrsh
Load handover is triggered when the serving cell load is than the threshold, TCH seized in the cell has reaching the corresponding percentage.
levels, Corresponding to 0 , 50 , 60 , 70 , 75, 80 , 85 , 90 5
The Load threshold for the target cells that can accept MS from Load Req. on candidate cell serving cell in load HO, i.e. when the TCH under Idle mode in the neigh bor cell is lower than the corresponding percentage the cell refuses to accept MS from serving cell handed over due to the load reason
0~7, Corresponding to 0 , 50 , 60 , 70 , 75, 80 , 85 , 90 2
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Load Handover Table

Parameter
name
Meaning
Value range
Recomme nded value
This configuration is related to the edge handover Load HO bandwidth threshold. Load handover is only allowed when the MS receiving level from the serving cell is within the range of margin handover threshold, margin handover threshold + 0~ 63db 25
load handover bandwidth

When a cell is up to conditions for load handover, all calls within the serving cell will send handover request at the same time, this will cause abrupt increase on processor Load HO step load, and under certain conditions this will cause the target cell congestion and result in call drops. Thereby, step by step load handover algorithm is used to control handover. The cycle is the time needed for handovers of each step. Load HO step The whole load HO bandwidth will be divided into several Sub-bands by this parameter. 1~60 seconds 10
period
1~ 63db
level
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Normal Handover Table

Parameter name Meaning During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink receiving level is lower than the value is longer than Edge HO UL RX_LEV Thrsh. certain time called continuous time, edge handover will be performed. If PBGT handover is enabled, Corresponding edge handover threshold will be set lower 0 ~ 63 Value range Recommended value 25 (without PBGT handover, downtown), 15 (single station on outskirts), 15 (with PBGT handover, downtown) 30 (without PBGT handover, downtown),
Edge HO DL
RX_LEV Thrsh. Downlink consideration for edge HO 63
20 (single station on outskirts), 20 (with PBGT handover, downtown)
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Parameter name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended value
It means that within the time statistics, if the Edge HO watch time time in which the signal level is lower than threshold is higher than the continuous time, then margin HO is to be triggered 1 ~16 seconds 5
Edge valid
time
See the above.
1 ~16 seconds
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Layer HO watch time
statistics time for Layer HO judgment
1 ~ 16 seconds
Layer HO valid time
Continuous time for Layer HO judgment
1 ~ 16 seconds
PBGT watch time
Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment.
1 ~ 16 seconds
PBGT valid time
Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment.
1 ~ 16 seconds 4
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Parameter
name MS Fast -moving watch cells Meaning The cell sum P for judge whether MS is fast moving. The value, if too large, may cause abrupt increase of system flow, while too small value may cause inaccurate judgment for fast moving MS. The cell sum N by which MS actually quickly passes. If MS Fast moving valid cells within P cells that MS continuously past, the number of cells by which the MS is judged to pass quickly is equal to or more than N, then the MS will be judged as a fast moving MS. The time threshold (2r/v) determined by the cell radius (r) and moving speed (v). If the time in which MS seconds passes the cell is smaller than the threshold, then MS is judged to quickly pass the cell. 1~ 225 15 1~ 10 2 1~ 10 3 Value range
Recommended
value
MS Fast moving
Time Thrsh.
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Common Concentric Data

Parameter name Meaning In Overlaid/Underlaid, the following selection are available for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges according to the measurement report on SDCCH and assign to the best sub-cell. (2) Select the overlaid first for TCH assignment. (3) Select the underlaid first for TCH assignment. (4) Do not give extra priority. If system optimization is selected, estimate (interpolate, filter) current SDCCH level value through uplink measurement value in the former SDCCH measurement report, and compare with Assign-optimum Level threshold, so as to assign overlaid or underlaid channel. If SDCCH is in the overlaid : edge handover threshold + signal intensity difference between underlaid and overlaid + uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH is in the underlaid : edge handover threshold + uplink and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance. 0~63 Value range Recommended value
Assign optimum layer
System optimization, overlaid , underlaid , no preferential
System optimization
Assignoptimum level Thrsh.
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Parameter
name
Meaning When the cell is configured into a Overlaid/Underlaid, there are two processing methods for incoming handover request in BSC: (1) No special processing for channel assignment. (2) Add BCCH signal level value of the target cell in intercell handover request message to BSC to make BSC allocate optimum channel for MS from underlaid or overlaid
Value range
Recommended value
Pref. subcell in HO of intra-BSC
Yes, No
Yes
Incoming-toBSC HO optimum layer
If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the target cell is a Overlaid/Underlaid, then, this parameter will show which layer is preferred to provide service for the MS.
overlaid , underlaid , none
None
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Parameter name RX_QUAL Thrsh. Meaning Value range Recommended value
In case of Qual. Is worse than this value, MS handover from overlay to underlay
0--70
60
UO HO watch time
P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment.
0 ~ 16 seconds
UO HO valid time TA thrsh. Of Assignment Pref. TA Thrsh. Of Imme-Assign Pref. TA Prfe. Of Imme-Assign Allowed
P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment.
0 ~ 16 seconds
TA is more than this value, TCH in underlay will be allocated
0--63
According concrete condition According concrete condition
TA is more than this value, SDCCH in underlay will be allocated
0--63
TA attend allocation of SDCCH or not
Yes, No
According concrete condition
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Parameter name
Meaning
Value range
Recommended value
TA Thrsh.
It must be bigger than TA emergency handover threshold.
0~63 bit period, with 1 bit period corresponding to 0.55km 0~63 bit period
TA hysteresis UO HO watch time UO HO valid time
Works with TA threshold.
P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment.
0 ~ 16 seconds
P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment.
0 ~ 16 seconds
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Normal Concentric Data

Parameter name Meaning Rx level hysteresis, Receiving Quality Thrsh.,TA threshold and TA hysteresis jointly define underlaid area and overlaid area. It must be bigger than edge handover threshold, and the recommended value is: edge handover threshold + signal intensity difference between underlaid and overlaid . Value range Recommended value
RX_LEV Thrsh
0~63
25
RX_LEV hysteresis
Works with Rx threshold.
0~63
UO signal intensity difference
Transmitting Power at antenna difference between underlaid and overlaid may cause MS receiving signal intensity difference in underlaid and overlaid . The parameter usually indicates the antenna EIRP difference in dB between underlaid cell and overlaid cell. According to field measurement, multi-point measurement is necessary if the underlaid and overlaid use different antenna.
0~63dB
Set according to actual conditions
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Enhance IUO Data

Enhance IUO Allowed
Enable function of Enhance IUO or not
Yes, No
UtoO Traffic HO Allowed OtoU HO Received Level Thrsh.

UtoO HO Received Level Thrsh.
Enable traffic to be one condition of HO or not
Yes, No
In case of receiving level in overlay is less than this value, HO occurs from overlay to underlay In case of receiving level in underlay is more than this value, and traffic in underlay is more than Traffic Thrsh. Of Underlay, HO occurs from underlay to overlay
0--63
25
063
35
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Concentric Cell Handover Table

Recomm ended value
Parameter name
Meaning
Value range
Traffic Thrsh. Of Underlay
If the traffic in underlay is over this value, MS will handover from under to overlay If there are some handover requests from under to overlay at the same time, system will handover the call with level firstly. This value determine period per step It is the step that handover band decreases, used to control the grade by grade handover band from underlay to overlay with underlay HO step level To prevent ping-pong handover, the call cant be handed over back within penalty time when a call is handed over from underlay to overlay
0100%
80
Underlay HO Step Period
1255s
Underlay HO Step Level
163dB
Penalty Time of UtoO HO
0255s
10
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HO data lookup process
BA2 table defines BCCH frequencies of all neighbor cells. It is
sent to MS by system message 5, system message 5-bis and system message 5ter on SACCH channel.
MS reports the serving cell and BCCH, BSIC and signal levels
of 6 strongest neighbor cells to BSS. This is done through SACCH.

MR pre-process is done in BTS. Module number, cell number
and CGI of all neighbor cells are derived from Adjacent cell Relation Table, and Cell Description Table (or External Cell Description Table) through BCCH and BSIC in the MR.
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HO data lookup process
BSC performs HO judgment process, such as basic rank of
cells (completed in LAPD board). When BSC finds suitable target, It sends HO request messages containing the target CGI to MPU of BSC. According to CGI, MPU derive the module number of the cell from Cell Module Information Table.
MPU sends a HO command message to the target module and
step up the inter-cell/ intra-cell HO request counter by one.
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Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

1.1 Intra BSC Handover 1.2 Intra MSC Handover 1.3 Inter MSC Handover
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Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process

MS
BTS1
BSC
BTS2
MS
MSC
Measurement Report from MS Channel_Active

Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND Handover Access
Handover_Detect PHY INFO PHY INFO First SABM

Establish_IND
Handover Complete Handover_Performed
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Attention
In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max times, the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with the reason: HO access failure. After the above message is received, BSC release the assigned TCH channel in the target cell . Max resend times of physical information*Radio link connection timer > Time interval between EST IND and HO DETECT (120~180ms). This is to make sure that the physical information reach MS.
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MS
BTS (Original)
BSC
BTS (Target)
MSC
Measurement Report Measurement Report

Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers
Channel_Activate T12++ Attempted incoming internal inter cell handoversT09++ Channel_Activate ACK Handover Command (Old FACCH) Handover Access (New FACCH)
Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++
Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers
T13++ Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers RF Channel Release Handover Performed
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Measurement Points of Intra BSC Handover

Handover formula definition
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell handovers + Outgoing internal inter cell handovers ) Internal inter cell handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming internal inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers)
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >= Internal inter
cell handover success rate


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Intra-MSC HO Signaling process

MS
BTS(original)
BSC1
MSC
BSC2
BTS (Target)
Measurement Report Measurement Report Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers Handover Required Handover Request
Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers
Channel_Active Channel_Active_ACK
Handover_Request_ACK Handover Command Handover Access Handover Detect Handover Complete

Successful incoming inter BSC handovers Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Handover Complete
Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release Clear Complete
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Signaling process between MSC

MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B
MAP_Prepare_HO
VLR-B
BSC-B
MS
HO-REQUIRED
MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM MAP_Send_HO_Repor t MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
IAI
HO-REQUEST-ACK
HO-Command
ACM
HO-Access MAP_Process_Access_Signalling HO-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal Clear-Command Clear-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK

Some intermediate steps are omitted
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Signaling process between MSC

MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B
MAP_Prepare_HO
VLR-B
BSC-B
MS
HO-REQUIRED
MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM MAP_Send_HO_Repor t MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
IAI
HO-REQUEST-ACK
HO-Command
ACM
HO-Access MAP_Process_Access_Signalling HO-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal Clear-Command Clear-Complete MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK

Some intermediate steps are omitted
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Inter-MSC HO Signaling process

Signaling process Abnormal conditions
The following conditions will cause HO failure MSC-B fails to identify the target cell. MSC-B does not allow HO to the indicated target cell.
The target cell has no channel available.

VLR-B has no HO number available. HO error or unsuitable data.
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Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process

Roaming MS MSCa BSS2 Radio transmission signal measurement HO REQUIRED (target cell table) Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number) E MSCb MSCb' VLRb VLRb' BSS2' MS
Perform HO (target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type)
HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type) HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number) Allocate HO number
Send HO report(HON) Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON) IAI
ACM Subsequent HO ack. HO COMMAND Send end signal (MAP) ANS End signal (MAP) CLEAR COMMAND CLEAR COMPLETE Release HO report Release HON HO DETECT HO COMPLETE
Release (TUP)
Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb
~ ~
End signal (MAP) Release (TUP/ISUP)
~ ~
Release HON Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'
Release HO report
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Inter MSC HOSubsequent HO process

Subsequent HO
MSC-A
MSC-B
MSC-C
MSC-C
Highway
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Inter MSC HO Signaling process

Statistics countersame as Intra MSC HO, Statistics is
handled by BSC
HO formula-- same as Intra MSC HO
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Major differences
There is no HO request information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the HO are analyzed
and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, Channel activation information is sent to it directly.
When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving
cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through Ho-Required. When MSC finds the LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends Ho-Request to the BSC of the target cell, and the target BSC activates the target cell channel to complete the following procedure.
When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will query its
LAI and GCI Table (including LAC and router address of the adjacent MSC), and send Prepare-HO message to the target MSC-B according to the router address. The message includes CGI of the target cell and indication whether or not to allocate HO number, etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends HO-Request message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in the indication) from VLR-B, and sends Prepare-HO acknowledgement to serving MSC after received HO-Request acknowledgement, to execute the next procedure.
Major differences
Inter BSC HO transfers HO-REQ message through MSC,
with CGI of the serving cell and target cell carried in the message.
Intra BSC HO does not have any CGI in any messages, it is
handled inside BSC.

Intra BSC HO only sends HO-Performed to MSC upon
completion of HO, and MSC is not involved before that time.

In inter BSC HO, MSC is involved since the HO request .
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Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Summary
Classify of handover Judgment and Ranking step
Handover Data Configuration

Handover signaling Flow
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Thank You
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Upon completion this course, you will be

Master handover signaling flow

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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

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Synchronous handover: source

and target cell belong the same BTS

target cell belong the different BTS

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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

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General process of HO Algorithm

Interf. emergency HO Load Sharing HO

Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

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The uplink measurement report of MS

The downlink measurement report of the neighbour cell (BCCH)

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How to interpolate MR?

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

1.4 Basic ranking and Secondary ranking

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HO algorithm process ) Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails.

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Penalty on the Target Cell

Penalty on the Source Cell

penalty on Non-umbrella Layer

Penalty on Overlaid/underlaid Cell

after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.

Do not attempt again after a failed HO!

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

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can be put into the candidate cell list.

RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))