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India Subcontinent
Geography
Mountains
Himalayas
World tallest mountain range
Hindu Kush
Rivers
Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra
Monsoons
Seasonal winds- twice a year
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Harappan Civilization
Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Excellent example of urban planning
Streets laid out in grid pattern Streets cross each other at right angles
Very advanced
Indoor bathrooms Sewer systems Advanced farming techniques
Trade establish with areas as far as Mesopotamia Lack of surviving written records
Only clues from artifacts
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Religion
Polytheism Religious beliefs center on strong concern for fertility
Disappearance
1500 BCE Harappan civilization vanished Reason why unknown Possibly from
floods Invaders Overgrazing of land
Aryans
Vedas
Holy books books of Knowledge
Poems, legends and religious rituals collected by priest. basis of Aryan religious practices Since few artifacts or structures left by Aryans, Vedas are very important
Rig-Veda
Oldest of Vedas World oldest religious text still used today
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Tended cattle
Lend money
Study Vedas
Teach Vedas
Trade goods
Carry for the land
Acted as servants
Each jati had own rules for diet, marriage and social class.
Lived in separate neighborhoods Did not mix socially with others
Europeans would later name varna and jati the caste system
Within system people are ranked Born into a group and could not change Only marry within the group Rules not the same for all groups
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Pariahs
Later group outside the varna and jati Did work that was considered unclean
Example skinning animals and tanning hides
Sometimes called outcastes or untouchables Lived outside villages and shunned by most
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Hinduism
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Hindu Scriptures
Upanishads 900-950 BCE
Essay and poems that outline Hindu spirituality
Emphasize simplicity Inner development of individual Methods for spiritual improvement
Yoga
Puranas
Popular tales about gods and heroes
Sutras
Moral teachings
Laws of Manu
Support caste system
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Ramayana
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Complex religion of many gods Three most important are Brahma ( the Creator) Vishnu (the Preserver) Siva (the destroyer)
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Believed in reincarnation
Rebirth of the soul Cycle of rebirth determine by Karma
How a person lives their lives determine what form the person will take in the next life
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Cycle of reincarnation continues until person has reached spiritual perfection. Ultimate aim is moksha
Release from pain and suffering of rebirth To achieve moksha you must:
Be committed to prayer Religious rituals Strict self denial Rejection of all worldly possessions
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Out of this develop the practice of nonviolence toward all living things called ahimsa
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Impact of Hinduism
Religion as well as a social system
Born into caste If unhappy because you had not follow the dharma and you will have it worse in the next life Explains why most quietly accept their station in life. Social mobility not possible in this life but maybe the next.
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Hinduism close identification with caste system and its customs have prevent the acceptance of Hinduism in other parts of the world In recent years modern Hindu are beginning to rebel against the structure of the caste system
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Jainism
Based on Hinduism but rejected
sacrifices rigid Hindu social divisions Great believers of ahimsa
Became involved in commerce rather than farming Commerce led to great wealth and influence
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Buddhism
Originated in India Similar to Judaism and Hinduism
All are tied to culture Not evangelical movement trying to change civilizations
One of several religious movements in 500 BCE Early form was less a religion than a philosophy
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Begin to share his enlightenment with others. Friends called him Buddha or Enlightened One
Buddhism
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Eight-fold Path
Know the truth Resist evil Say nothing to hurt others Respect life Work for the good of others Free their minds of evil Control their thoughts Practice meditation
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The middle way of wisdom and compassion. The 3 jewels of Buddhism: Buddha, the teacher. Dharma, the teachings. Sangha, the community.
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Division of Buddhism
Theravada
Established in Southeast Asia and South Asia Remains fairly close in practices to original teachings of Buddha Focus on wisdom and meditation Regard Buddha as simply a teacher Goal: is to become a Buddha or Enlightened One
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Mahayana
Dominant in China, Korea, and Japan Encourage worship of Buddha as a divine being and savior Buddhism for the masses Goal: Not just individual escape from the wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through selfsacrifice of those enlightened few Today only a few in India are Buddhist. Most of the population are Hindus followed by Muslims, Jains and Christians
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Zen Buddhism
Seeks sudden enlightenment through
meditation, arriving at emptiness Use of meditation masters Beauty, art, and aesthetics, such as gardens & calligraphy
Tibetan Buddhism
Developed in Tibet in the 7c CE. A mix of Theravada and Mahayana Include Lamas, like the Dalai Lama
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Asoka
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Growth of Buddhism
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Impact of Buddhism
Because Buddhism reject caste system, it strongly appealed to members of lower rank Because Buddhism is not attached to underlying social structure it can apply to almost anyone, anywhere. As consequence it spread rapidly to other cultures through Asia Spread via trade routes as Asia cultures interwine
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Hinduism
Buddhism
Caste system
Animal sacrifice The Middle Way (Eightfold Path)
Both
Reincarnation Cyclical view of history Belief in a state of enlightenment (Hindu moksha, Buddhist nirvana
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Maurya Empire
321- 185 BCE Founder Chandragupta Maurya
Will united Aryan kingdoms into a civilization after depart of Alexander the Great
Asoka
First followed philosophy of waging war to expand his power Will decided to follow the Buddha teachings of nonviolence and peace to all beings. Will issued Rock Edicts
Stone pillars that were inscribe with new policies throughout the empire
Military
With Asoka death, the empire will decline rapidly due to economic problems and pressure of attacks in the Northeast.
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Gupta Empire
320-550 CE United North India for the first time
Rule not centralized as much as Mauryan Allowed local rulers to maintain authority if submit to Gupta leaders
Chandragupta II
Gupta will reach its height during his rule
Came to power through marriage not war
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Learning
Major advancements as Gupta empire welcome scholars into the empire Mathematics
Major advances in developing principles of algebra Explain concept of infinity Invented concept of zero Invented decimal system Arabic numerals Value of pi to the 4th place
developed by Aryabhata
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Astronomy
Proved earth round 1,000 years before Columbus Calculated the length of solar year
Medicine
Set bones, performed operations, inoculation of smallpoxs and invented hundreds of medical instruments Medical guides
Classified more than 1,000 diseases Describe more than 500 medical plants
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Kalidasa
Literature
Plastic surgery
Medicine
Gupta
C- sections inoculations
Solar Calendar
Decimal System
Mathematics
Astronomy
Concept of Zero
Pi = 3.1416
Earth is Round
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Trade
Will spread Gupta advancements with extensive trade with other civilizations
Caravan route called Silk Road
Will act as the middleman in the silk trade
Effects of trade
Rise of banking in India Spread of culture Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism
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Items Traded
Spices
Rice & wheat Horses Spices Silk
Cotton Goods
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Gupta Art
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Trading network
Coveted cotton textiles and bronze statuaries Epic literature
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